Question

In this section, answer questions about the following abstracts of epidemiologic studies.

The following abstract summarize the results of an epidemiologic study (Chia, S., Chia, H., & Tan, J. (2000). Prevalence of headache among handheld cellular telephone users in Singapore: a community study. Environ Health Perspect; 108(11):1059-62).

We carried out a community study in Singapore to determine the prevalence of specific central nervous system (CNS) symptoms among hand-held cellular telephone (HP) users compared to nonusers and to study the association of risk factors and CNS symptoms among HP users. A total of 808 men and women between 12 and 70 years of age, who lived in one community, were selected using one-stage cluster random sampling and responses to a structured questionnaire. The prevalence of HP users was 44.8%. Headache was the most prevalent symptom among HP users compared to non-HP users, with prevalence rate ratio of 1.31 [95% confidence interval, 1.00-1.70]. There is a significant increase in the prevalence of headache with increasing duration of usage (in minutes per day). The use of HPs is not associated with a significant increase of CNS symptoms other than headache.

Note: the prevalence of headache among HP users was 60.3%.

Based on this abstract, indicate the following:

1. The study design:    

2. The exposure/risk factor:

3. The disease/outcome(s):

The following two questions are based on the following article posted on Canvas.

Levin M, Goldstein H, Gerhardt P. Cancer and tobacco smoking. JAMA, May 1950: 336-338.

1. For the first question, what study design has been employed?

A. Case-control

B. Cohort (prospective)

C. Retrospective cohort (or historical cohort)

D. Ecologic

E. May be either a or c

2. For the second question, provide 1-2 sentences justifying your choice for the previous question.

Answer 1

1. E. may be either a or c

2. The reason behind choosing maybe either a or c. A total of 808 men and women between 12 and 70 years of old, who lived in one community, collecting data by random sampling and responses to questionnaries.

-The prevalence of HP uses was 4.8 percent. As a significant increase in the prevalence of headache with increasing duration a usage( in minutes per day). The prevalence of head HP users was 60.3% percent now.

So,this data give's the information that case- controlling by providing retrospective cohort or History cohort