Question

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1. In a proper order, give the six components of the chain of infection.
2. List down 9 specific methods of breaking the chain of infection.
3. Identify the reservoirs of infection.
4. Enumerate the modes of disease transmission.
5. Name various medical instruments and apparatuses that may serve as inanimate vectors of infection known as fomites.
6. Cite the public health agencies in the Philippines and give their mission or functions.
7. Name the particular pathogen used as biological warfare agents or referred to as bioterrorism agents. How do the bioterrorists infect or disseminate such pathogens to harm people?.
8. Due to water pollution, either chemical or biological, causative agents of typhoid fever, cholera, dysentery, infectious hepatitis, poliomyelitis, etc spread through contaminated water. Therefore, water supply must be properly treated to make it safe for human consumption. What steps or processes of NAWASA and MAYNILAD apply or practice or follow in treating our water supply to be safe and potable.
   EXPLAIN BRIEFLY BUT COMPREHENSIVELY AND EASY TO UNDERSTAND

Answer 1

6 components of the chain of infection are:-host, reservoir, portal of entry, portal of exit, mode of Transmission, susceptible host.

9ways to break this chain:-proper hand hygiene, personal protective equipment, immunisation/vaccination, patient education, diagnosis of underlying disease, cleansing, disinfection/sterilisation, adhering to infection prevention, control policies, programs.

Reservoirs of infection:- A reservoir is the place where a pathogen lives, flourishes and reproduces. Common of them are animals, humans, insects, substances, environments.

There are two modes of disease transmission:-direct and indirect modes.

Various medical apparatuses that can act as fomites:-It can be any of them. Fomites are substances which actually bear the pathogen. So it can be any ophthalmic device, a stethoscope if shared, any syringe packet if handled without gloves and the list is endless.

Public health agencies in Philippines:-National Nutrition Council, Philippine Health Insurance Corporation, Philippines National AIDS council, Philippines Institute Of Traditional And Alternative Healthcare.

Bioterrorism agents are those which are released in another geographical area such as county and continent by some other geographical region to induce death by infection. The most famous historical example is Anthrax. Biologists use various vectors or reservoirs for transmitting such pathogens such as cow for anthrax and lots are there.

How water is made potable by NAWASA and MAYNILAD :- Screening, prechlorination, Rapid mixing, flocculation, coagulation, sedimentation, filtration, disinfection.