Question

1. Which of the following patients would definitely qualify as having the metabolic syndrome?
   1. Black male age 65 years, fasting glucose of 105 mg/dL, HDL-C of 45 mg/dl, and fasting triglycerides of 175 mg/dl
   2. Hispanic female aged 55, HDL-C of 52 mg/dl, blood pressure of 138/80 mmHg, and waist circumference of 94 cm
   3. White male with fasting triglycerides of 140 mg/dl, waist circumference of 108 cm, HDL-C of 36 mg/dl, and fasting glucose of 110 mg/dL
   4. All meet criterion for metabolic syndrome
2. Which of the following is true regarding the EMPA-REG and LEADER trials?
   1. Both trials included persons with prior cardiovascular disease
   2. EMPA-REG showed a significant reduction in heart failure hospitalization and cardiovascular mortality
   3. LEADER showed significant reductions in myocardial infarction and stroke
   4. LEADER showed a significant reduction in heart failure hospitalization
   5. Only A and B are true
   6. All of the above are true
3. What is true regarding the MESA and CARDIA epidemiologic studies of cardiovascular disease?
   1. CARDIA included a higher percentage of African-Americans than MESA
   2. MESA and CARDIA both included examinations approximately 5 years apart
   3. MESA and CARDIA both included persons with and without pre-existing coronary heart disease at baseline
   4. MESA had fewer Hispanics than CARDIA

Answer 1

Solutions

Answer 1: Option (c) - White male with fasting triglycerides of 140 mg/dl, the waist circumference of 108 cm, HDL-C of 36 mg/dl, and fasting glucose of 110 mg/dL

Metabolic syndrome occurs when a person has three or more of the following measurements:

• Abdominal obesity (Waist circumference of greater than 40 inches (102 cm) in men, and greater than 35 inches (89 cm) in women)
• Triglyceride level of 150 milligrams per deciliter of blood (mg/dL) or greater
• HDL cholesterol of less than 40 mg/dL in men or less than 50 mg/dL in women
• Systolic blood pressure (top number) of 130 millimeters of mercury (mm Hg) or greater, or diastolic blood pressure (bottom number) of 85 mm Hg or greater
• Fasting glucose of 100 mg/dL or greater

NB: Due to time limit, I am unable to answer rest of the questions, but you can still ask it separately here