1.explain how to minimise and dispose of waste from liquid and powder nail enhancement services
2.Explain the range and use lof overlay systems available i.e. gel, wrap, powder and liquid
3.Explain the different UV gel products and techniques to cosmetically enhance nail shapes and conditions
4.Explain how to adapt UV gel application techniques to meet the nail shapes and conditions on the hands and feet
Ans1=
Any hazardous material requires special care and careful disposal. Acrylic monomer, polish remover, nail polish, disinfectant, and most other products used in the salon are considered hazardous. If you’re not sure whether a product is hazardous, look at Section 1, Number 2 on the MSDS where it says “Hazardous Material.” If the blank says Yes, you cannot pour the product down the drain or put it in the trash. Proper disposal instructions should be listed in section 7 on the MSDS.
However, says Scott Hanrahan, a chemist for Forsythe Cosmetic Group (Lawrence, N.Y.), MSDS are directed at both large and small users in different geographic areas. Since disposal regulations vary depending on the amount of waste and the state you’re in, these instructions often say, “Dispose of in accordance with state and local regulations.”
If you just want to get rid of a small amount of liquid monomer from your dappen dish, you can mix it with some acrylic powder and make a small, hard ball of product. When the ball hardens, throw it in the trash. Don’t mix more than a dappen dish of product at a time, cautions Schoon, because you could get a reaction with larger amounts that could result in smoking product, toxic fumes, or even a fire,
For larger amounts of product and liquid, disposal becomes a problem. EPA regulations make disposal hazardous materials complex and costly. Most hazardous waste generators use the services of waste management companies to pick up the materials and either recycle or dispose of them. For small users such as salons, this is impractical. Waste management companies charge a lot and won’t even pick up small amounts. According to one Azusa, Calif., waste management company, a salon would need to have a minimum of 27 gallons of product for the company to pick up, and it would cost a minimum of $400, depending on the material. Not only can expenses like this drive your salon out of business, but you have the added problem of figuring out how to store the product while you’re accumulating 27 gallons. And, remember, you can’t just empty all hazardous liquids into a container. Nail polish, polish remover, liquid monomer, etc. would all have to be stored separately.
The waste disposal needs of small businesses are why some cities have started “hazardous waste days,” designated days when residents can bring small amounts of hazardous materials to a specified fixed place for the city to collect and dispose of, says Schoon. This is the easiest and most economical way for small users like salons to dispose of old product. Many cities will collect the materials for free or a nominal fee.
To find out if your city has a hazardous waste day, call your local fire department or city hall. If they don’t have one, ask who to talk to about starting one. In the meantime, check with other nearby cities to see if they have one.
LOOK TO THE FUTURE
Most salons have been pouring product down sinks or throwing it in the trash for years without anyone complaining, so it’s easy to say that the amount of hazardous material you throw away is so small that it doesn’t matter. But if every salon continues to carelessly throw away hazardous waste each month, the chemicals will continue to accumulate and be set free in the environment. So even if no else is, hold yourself responsible and explore environmentally sound options.
You take cautions to protect yourself from exposure while you’re in the salon, be sure you use as much caution to prevent your own – and others’ – exposure outside the salon.
Ans2=An overlay network is a computer network that is layered on top of another network
Nodes in the overlay network can be thought of as being connected by virtual or logical links, each of which corresponds to a path, perhaps through many physical links, in the underlying network. For example, distributed systems such as peer-to-peer networks and client-server applications are overlay networks because their nodes run on top of the Internet.
The Internet was originally built as an overlay upon the telephone network, while today (through the advent of VoIP), the telephone network is increasingly turning into an overlay network built on top of the Internet.
Uses
Enterprise networks
Enterprise private networks were first overlaid on telecommunication networks such as frame relay and Asynchronous Transfer Mode packet switching infrastructures but migration from these (now legacy) infrastructures to IP based MPLS networks and virtual private networks started (2001~2002).
From a physical standpoint, overlay networks are quite complex as they combine various logical layers that are operated and built by various entities (businesses, universities, government etc.) but they allow separation of concerns that over time permitted the buildup of a broad set of services that could not have been proposed by a single telecommunication operator (ranging from broadband Internet access, voice over IP or IPTV, competitive telecom operators etc.).
The availability of digital circuit switching equipment and optical fiber.Telecommunication transport networks and IP networks (which combined make up the broader Internet) are all overlaid with at least an optical fiber layer, a transport layer and an IP or circuit switching layers (in the case of the PSTN).
Over the Internet
Nowadays the Internet is the basis for more overlaid networks that can be constructed in order to permit routing of messages to destinations not specified by an IP address. For example, distributed hash tables can be used to route messages to a node having a specific logical address, whose IP address is not known in advance.
Overlay networks have also been proposed as a way to improve Internet routing, such as through quality of service guarantees to achieve higher-quality streaming media. Previous proposals such as IntServ, DiffServ, and IP multicast have not seen wide acceptance, largely because they require modification of all routers in the network. On the other hand, an overlay network can be incrementally deployed on end-hosts running the overlay protocol software, without cooperation from ISPs. The overlay has no control over how packets are routed in the underlying network between two overlay nodes, but it can control, for example, the sequence of overlay nodes a message traverses before reaching its destination.
For example, Akamai Technologies manages an overlay network which provides reliable, efficient content delivery (a kind of multicast). Academic research includes End System Multicast and Overcast, which is multicasting on an overlay network; RON (Resilient Overlay Network) for resilient routing; and OverQoS for quality of service guarantees, among others.
Internet of Things
The dispersed nature of the Internet of things (IoT) presents a major operational challenge that is uncommon in the traditional Internet or enterprise networks.Devices that are managed together --- say a fleet of railcars --- are not physically colocated. Instead, they are widely geographically distributed. The operational approaches for management and security used in enterprise networks, where most hosts are densely contained in buildings or campuses, do not translate to the IoT. IoT devices operate outside of the enterprise network security and operational perimeter and the corporate LAN firewall can’t protect them. Dispatching technicians is expensive, so manual provisioning and configuration doesn’t scale. Devices connect to the Internet via a variety of last-mile ISPs, so many devices won’t share a common IP prefix and addresses will change at arbitrary times. Any configuration based on these IPs will require continued upkeep and will often be out-of-date, exposing hosts and devices to external threats
Ans3=Artificial nails, also known as fake nails, false nails, fashion nails, acrylic nails, nail extensions or nail enhancements, are extensions placed over fingernails as fashion accessories. Some artificial nail designs attempt to mimic the appearance of real fingernails as closely as possible, while others may deliberately stray in favor of an artistic look.
Unlike most manicures, artificial nails require regular upkeep; it is recommended that they are attended to, on average, every two weeks, however they may last up to about one month.[1] Nonetheless, their versatility in terms of shape, size, design and comparatively high durability are some advantages they hold over other types of manicures.
Artificial nails are an extension, not a replacement, of natural nails. There are two main approaches to creating artificial nails—tips and forms:
Atop these, either acrylic, hard gel, or any combination of both may be applied. Tips are available in many different designs, ranging from solid colors like gel or regular nail polish to graphic designs such as animal prints and metallic colors. Artificial nails can be shaped, cut, and filed into a variety of shapes, including square, squared oval/"squoval", rounded, almond, ballerina/coffin, or stiletto.
Acrylic nails
Acrylic nails are made out of acrylic glass (PMMA). When it is mixed with a liquid monomer (usually ethyl methacrylate mixed with some inhibitor) it forms a malleable bead. This mixture begins to cure immediately, continuing until completely solid in minutes.Acrylic nails can last up to 21 days but can last longer with touch-ups. To give acrylic nails color, gel polish, nail polish, and dip powders can be applied.
Gel nails can be used to create artificial nail extensions, but can also be used like nail polish. They are hardened using ultraviolet light.They last longer than regular nail polish and do not chip. They have a high-gloss finish and last for two to three weeks.
Gel nails are strong, although not as strong as acrylic or fiberglass nails, and tend to be more expensive.
Acetone does not dissolve gel nails, so they have to be removed at a salon by buffing.Repeated buffing can lead to thinning of the nail plate.
A new gel nail extension was created circa 2017 that is commonly referred to as Gel-X. It is a soft gel nail tip that is precut in differing styles and lengths which covers the whole nail bed up to the end of the nail. Gel-X are plied by first applying a PH bonder (dehydrator) followed by an acid-free gel primer. Finally, it is glued on using a gel adhesive that is curated using a blue UV/LED light. The removal process of gel-X nails, dissolving in acetone for 20 minutes, is better because it does not remove layers of the natural nails.
Nail wraps
Nail wraps are formed by cutting pieces of fiberglass, linen, silk fabric, or another material to fit on the surface of the nail (or a tip attached prior), to be sealed onto the nail plate with a layer of resin or glue. They do not damage the nail and also provide strength to the nail but are not used to lengthen it. It can also be used to fix broken nails. The treatment is however more expensive.Nail wraps can last anywhere from 5-14 days. Add ons can impact the duration of the nail wraps.[10] To take nail wraps off correctly, soak the wrap in acetone just enough to deteriorate the adhesive.
Nail tips
Nail tips are made of a strong bendable material called acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS). Nail tips are attached to the natural nail to extend its length and provides room for more nail designs. They can come in many different shapes, sizes, and colors, but the most popular ones are usually clear or white. They only last for 7–10 days.
Dip powder
With the dip powder method, a clear liquid is brushed onto a nail and the nail is then placed into pigmented powder. Dip nails tend to last about a month, 2-3 weeks longer than gel and acrylic nails. It can be worn on natural nails, nails with tips on, or can create artificial nails. Dip powder nails do not require any UV/LED light to be cured, instead they are cured using an activator.The quickest way to remove dip powder is to drill, clip off, or buff out layers of the powder so, when they are soaking in acetone, they slide right off.
Ans4=Nail gel: a chemical combination similar to acrylics, also known as shellac nails. Manicurist applies several layers on the fingernails or/and toenails and lets it cure under a UV or LED light. When the gel is cured it hardens the nails. Gel is also common in a polish form known as gel polish, and, like other forms of gel, also requires a UV or LED light to cure. The difference between acrylic and gel is that acrylic dries naturally but gel needs UV light to cure. Similarly, where regular nail polish will dry naturally, gel polish will remain tacky until cured by a UV light.
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