q1:
Describe the possible newborn complications and its management:
NEW BORN COMPLICATIONS
New born complication is defined as the problems or risk to the health of the baby that occurs during birth. There are different new born complications present . These may include
BIRTH DEFECTS
Birth defect is defined as the condition that happens to the baby when the baby is developing in the uterus of the mother.
1. Congenital heart defects
Congenital heart defects have a variety of causes which includes genetic abnormalities or a mistake during fetal development. It is characterised by rapid heart beat, breathing difficulties, feeding problems, swelling in the legs, abdomen or eyes, pale grey or blusih skin
Treatment: Most of the heart defects can be corrected or improved through surgery, drugs or a mechanical aid like a pacemaker
2. Clubfoot
Clubfoot includes several kinds of ankle and foot deformities. It is a combination of heredity and environmental factors that affect fetal growth
Treatment: In mild case, treatment starts immediately after diagnosis and involves gently forcing the foot into the correct position and helping the child do special exercises
Often the baby needs drasric treatments such as plaster casts, bandaging with splints etc.
3. Cleft lip
It is caused from genrtic and environmental factors
Treatment: Surgical repair for a cleft lip should be done .
4. Spina bifida
It is caused by a malformation of a neural tube that prevents the backbone from closing completely dural fetal development
Treatment: surgery, exercise the baby's legs, prepare the baby to walk with leg braces and crutches
5. Sickle cell disease
It affects hemoglobin. Instead of their normal round shape, they look like bananas or sickles
Treatment: cannot be cured
6. Phenylketonuria
The child is missing crucial enzyme that breaks down a protein called phenylalanine.
Treatment: Strict diet, Regular blood tests of phenylalanine should be dne
BIRTH INJURIES
Birth injuries is defined as the injuries which occurs to the baby during delivery
1. Cerebral palsy
It is caused by a brain injury during delivery
Treatment: No cure. treatments can manage symptoms
2. Erb's palsy
It is a type of birth injury characterized by paralysis of the hand, arm or shoulder
Tretment: often makes full recovery without treatment, sometimes need surgery to recover completely
3. Infant cephalohematoma
When blood is pooled around the brain due to bleeding, it is called cephalohematoma.
Treatment: surgery
TRANSIENT TACHYPNEA
It is a mild breathing problem. It is short lived and usually goes away without treatment in 3 days or less
Treatment: supplemental oxygen, tube feeding, IV fluid, continuous positive airway pressure
HYPOGLYCEMIA
Hypoglycemia occurs when the blood sugar level is too low. It can cause shakiness, blue tint to the skin, breathing and feeding problems.
Treatment: Fast acting source of glucose is given, IV glucose
JAUNDICE
It occurs when there is too much bilirubin in the baby's blood.
It makes baby's skin, eyes, and other tissues turn yellow.
Treatment: Photo therapy, Fiber optic blanket, Exchange transfusion,Feeding with breastmilk
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