Question

list signs and symptoms, pathophysiology and complications of metrorrhagia. identify and list procedures and treatments that could be done

Answer 1

Dysfunctional uterine bleeding is  the  abnormal uterine bleeding in the absence of organic disease.

It can be of different types as mentioned below

S.No	Term	Meaning
1.	Menorrhagia	Prolonged (>7 days) or excessive (>80 mL /day) uterine bleeding that occurs   at regular intervals
2.	Metrorrhagia	Uterine bleeding with irregularity and more frequency than normal cycle
3.	Menometrorrhagia	Prolonged or excessive uterine bleeding that occurs irregularly and more frequent than usual intervals
4.	Intermenstrual bleeding	Vaginal bleeding of variable amounts that occurs   between regular cycle
5.	Midcycle spotting	Spotting that occurs just prior to ovulation, typically from decreasing level of estrogen
6.	Postmenopausal bleeding	Recurrence of uterine bleeding after menopause( at least 6 months to 1 year after stoppage of menstrual period)
7.	Amenorrhea	Absence of mensruation for 6 months or longer

The following tables answer the different aspects of Metrorrhagia

Signs and symptoms	· painless or painful bleeding · light or heavy vaginal bleeding with color ranging from dark brown to pink · Features of systemic diseases:       examples (thyroid disease - vital sign abnormalities, abnormal eye   features, tremors, dermatological changes, weight changes and goiter ) (hematologic disorders - petechiae, purpura, and mucosal bleeding ) (polycystic ovary disease :hirsutism, obesity, acne, palpable ovaries, and hyperpigmentation)
Complications	Anemia Hypovolemic shock Undernutrition
Procedures and treatments	Treatment is specific to the cause. · Lifestyle Changes-weight gain · Hormonal Therapy- contraceptive pills or devices, estrogen patches, gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists · Dilation and Curettage procedure · Treatment of underlying medical conditions: · Surgerical intervention for conditions such as endometriosis, fibroids , and reproductive cancers