Answer 3 of the following questions/topics
Define the age group and name at least 2 theorists that study that age group. Be sure to mention
specific tasks, milestones, growth patterns, cognitive development patterns, play, exercise, and other
pertinent element of the age group you are discussing
1)_ Summarize the growth and development of the Middle Child
2)_ Summarize the growth and development of the Adolescent
3)_ Summarize the growth and development of the Young Adult
4)_ Summarize the growth and development of the Middle Adult
Two theorist who studied these age groups :-
Cognitive development theory - Piaget
- 3 core competencies: adaptation, assimilation, & accomodation
-cognitive development occurs in a sequence of 4 stages: sensorimotor, preoperational thought, concrete operations, & formal operations
Psychosocial development theory - Erikson
- personality continues to evolve
1. Trust vs. Mistrust (Birth to 18 months)
2. Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt (18 months-3 yr.)
3. Initiative vs. Guilt (3-5 yrs.)
4. Industry vs. Inferiority (6-11yrs)
5. Identity vs. Role confusion (11-21yrs)
6. Intimacy vs. Isolation (21-40)
7. Generativity vs. Stagnation (40-65)
8. Ego integrity vs. Despair (65+
1) Middle childhood :
Middle childhood (usually defined as ages 6 to 12) is a time when children develop foundational skills for building healthy social relationships and learn roles that will prepare them for adolescence and adulthood.
Anatomical changes :-
Normal child grows 2-3 inches and 4-7 pounds per year
Relative head size decreases
COG drops from lower thoracic to umbilical
Most growth is in the limbs during this stage
- Motor Development
Middle Childhood: 6-11 yrs
Large muscle groups begin to develop more significantly: loss of "baby"
Long bones grow: produce "growing pains
Girls tend to develop motor skills sooner than boys
Posture improves
-Abdominals increase, creating less ANT tilt
-Posture may still be diminished, especially in tall children
Sensorimotor integration continues to develop
-complex movement patters develop- sports
- Sensory Development: Vision
Middle Childhood: 6-11
Depth and 3-dimensional perception develops
Perception of movement and peripheral vision
Figure-ground perception
- Cognitive Development
Middle Childhood: ages 6-11
Piaget: by age 7, child is concrete operational
Conservation: objects are the same even when they are made to look different
-Disney characters
Causation: cause and effect relationships
Capability to arrange and sort
-may begin collections of objects
Attention span increases progressively
Problem solving is initiated
-boys tend to be better mathematically at this stage
Memory improves as does ability to understand time, space, and dimension
Stress characteristics may development and mood may be affected
- Play: Middle Childhood
May be team oriented
Typically begin to separate by gender
-Boys: aggressive
-Girls: social
Often have best friend
May have enemy
Bullying may exist
- Communication
2. Adolescents - refers to the psychological , emotional, cognitive and moral transition from childhood to young adulthood .
Adolescent Development
Early Adolescence (11-14 years)
Middle Adolescence (15-17 years)
Late Adolescence (18-20 years)
Complex interplay of biologic, cognitive, psychological and social change
#. Biologic (Physical) Growth
Dramatic increase in growth accompanies sexual maturation
-adolescent growth spurt; usually within 24-36 month period
Gains in growth
-Final 20-25% of linear growth
-up to 50% of ideal adult body weight
-Girls usually gain 8.5-9.5 inches in height and 68-110 pounds in weight
-Boys usually gain 10.5-20 inches in height and 76-118 pounds in weight
#. Maturation of Systems
Heart, blood volume, and systolic BP increase in size and strength
Pulse rate and basal heat production decrease
Respiratory vital capacity increases
Adult values for all formed elements of blood
Lungs increase in diameter and length. Respiratory volume and vital capacity increase
Increased performance capabilities
Steady decline in basal metabolic rate
Sweat and sebaceous glands become more active
Continued brain maturation with proliferation of support cells that nourish neurons.
Maturation of Systems; Puberty
Should take 3-6 years to complete
Growth spurt early in puberty
Secondary sex characteristics develop
-result of hormonal changes; voice change, hair growth, breast enlargement, fat deposits
-play no direct role in reproduction
Primary sex characteristics
-external and internal organs necessary for reproduction
-menstruation and hormonal changes
#. Psychosocial Development
Erikson: Sense of Identity
-early adolescent: group identity v alienation
-late adolescent: development of personal identity v role diffusion
-sex-role identity
-emotionality
Tasks related to achievement of identity
Accepting changed body image
Establishing a value system
Making a career decision
Becoming emancipated from parents
#. Social Development
Greater Autonomy and less dependence on parents
-need increased age-appropriate independence and freedom
-need to interact with peers to learn about themselves and others
-parental support is still necessary
Relationship with parents changes in three ways
-as cognitive ability increases, their perceptions of parents change. Now, view them as individuals as well as parents.
-less time is spent with parents and families
-more conflict with parents
#. Social Development: Developing a sense of identity
Measure attractiveness by acceptance or rejection by peers (not always technical definition of attractive)
Modifies body image to conform with group norms
Idealistic
#. Spiritual Development
More oriented toward spiritual development than toward specific rituals or practices
Some may question values and beliefs of family
Capable of understanding abstract concepts, interpreting analogies and symbols
May fear that others will not understand their feelings
#. Sexuality
Accelerated development
May question sexual orientation
Earlier age of first sexual intercourse, greater risk for sexually transmitted diseases
#. Cognitive Development: Piaget
11-14 years old
Emergence of Formal Operational Thought
-abstract thinking
-ability to analyze situations logically
Think about possibilities (philosophical, political, social)
Entertain hypothetical situations, use of metaphors
Ability to think realistically about the future, goal setting
Need guidance for rational decision making
3. Yound adult - is the age group between 20- 40 years .
#. physical changes in young adults
stable period of development, usually active, tends to ignore symptoms
#. cognitive changes in young adults
critical thinking habits increase, formal and informal educational experiences affect problem solving and motor skills
#. psychosocial changes in young adults
insecurity at home, maturing relationships and roles, adapting to parenthood, separation/divorce, violence
#. nutrition and sleep in young adults
obesity, folic acid increase, increased activity, stress
#. health promotion for young adults
develop behaviors to promote a healthy lifestyle, decrease incidences of accidents, injuries, and violence, preventive care (screenings)
#. injury and violence prevention in young adults
suicide and depression, accidents, occupational hazards/ stressors, chemical agents, MVA, sexual assault, domestic violence
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