Question

History of Present Illness.

COPD

WK is a 60-year-old white female presenting to the emergency department with acute onset shortness of breath. Symptoms began approximately 2 days before and had progressively worsened with no associated, aggravating, or relieving factors noted. She had similar symptoms approximately 1 year ago with an acute, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbation requiring hospitalization. She uses BiPAP ventilatory support at night when sleeping and has requested to use this in the emergency department due to shortness of breath and wanting to sleep.

She denies fever, chills, cough, wheezing, sputum production, chest pain, palpitations, pressure, abdominal pain, abdominal distension, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.

She does report difficulty breathing at rest, forgetfulness, mild fatigue, feeling chilled requiring blankets, increased urinary frequency, incontinence, and swelling in her bilateral lower extremities that is new onset and worsening. Subsequently, she has not ambulated from bed for several days except to use the restroom due to feeling weak, fatigued, and short of breath.

There are no known ill contacts at home. Her family history includes significant heart disease and prostate malignancy in her father. Social history is positive for smoking tobacco use at 30 pack years. She quit smoking 2 years ago due to increasing shortness of breath. She denies all alcohol and illegal drug use. There are no known foods, drugs, or environmental allergies.

Past medical history is significant for coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, COPD, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, hypothyroidism, diabetes mellitus, peripheral vascular disease, tobacco usage, and obesity. Past surgical history is significant for an appendectomy, cardiac catheterization with stent placement, hysterectomy, and nephrectomy.

1.What is WK clinical manifestations?

2.What complications could develop from WK symptoms?

3.What interventions are indicated for W.K. and what outcome is expected for each intervention?

Answer 1

1.Clinical manifestations of WK:

• Acute onset of shortness of breath.
• Difficulty in breathing at rest.
• Dementia.
• Increased frequency of urination.
• Chills.
• Bilateral lower extremities edema.
• Mild fatigue.
• Incontinence.

2.Complications that could develop from the symptoms:

• Congestive heart failure.
• Pulmonary embolism.
• Acute or chronic renal failure.
• Pleural effusion.
• Acute or chronic COPD exacerbation.

3.Interventions that are indicated for W K:

• Complete blood count. To detect any source of infection or anemia.
• ECG:To detect any changes in the ST .
• Chest X ray. Detect cardiomegaly, pleural effusion.
• Echocardiogram. To detect any ventricular changes or valvular abnormalities.
• Serum creatinine: To detect kidney functions.