Question

I need new and unique answers, please. (Use your own words, don't copy and paste),

Please Use your keyboard (Don't use handwriting) Thank you..

PHC131

Q) Smoking causes Lung Cancer" Discuss based on Hill's criteria? (250 words)

Answer 1

Smoking causes Lung Cancer" Discuss based on Hill's criteria?

The Bradford Hill criteria or Hill's criteria is the main aspects used in epidemiology and public health , for forming epidemiologic evidence of a causal association between an assumed cause and an observed effect. These are a group of nine principles.

Temporality: Cigarette smoking is the number one risk factor for lung cancer. Most of the patients with lung cancer have history of smoking. So that means cause precede the effect

Consistency: Most of the researchers in different parts of the world and many studies have steadily proved the fact that smoking leads to lung cancer

Plausibility: Association is consistent with existing knowledge. Biological plausibility is already proved and evidence is clear. Histopathology effect of smoking on bronchial epithelium and difference in lung cancer incidence by sex is already noted

Strength of association: Tobacco smoke comprises nearly 5000 chemical substances, many of which are proved to be lethal and carcinogenic. Most of the studies proved that this leads to cancer in lungs

Dose response relationship: Absolutely the risk in higher according to the dose of exposure. Chain smokers and daily smokers are mostly affected. Those who are occasionally smoking have less chance of getting lung cancer

Specificity: it leads to many effects in the smoker

Experiment: There are so many clinical trials proved the association. Cellular pathologic studies proved this

Coherence: Histopathology effect of smoking on bronchial epithelium and the difference in lung cancer incidence by biological sex

Analogy: Effect is there with similar carcinogenic inhalers