Greetings of the day!
ANSWER (LATEST ARTICLES):
Higgins, Sheila A., and Jill Simons. “The Opioid Epidemic and the Role of the Occupational Health Nurse.” Workplace Health & Safety, vol. 67, no. 1, Jan. 2019, pp. 36–45. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1177/2165079918796242.
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/2165079918796242
This source was written by two occupational health nurses who sought to provide an overview on the opioid epidemic while proposing different strategies that nurses could try implementing to improve the crisis. The article provides a history of the opioid epidemic including past policies, overdose statistics, and the evolution of prescription opioids to more synthetic opioids such as heroin and cocaine. A main topic that is addressed in this article is the prescription of opioids to treat workplace injuries. It explains how there is a new challenge to treat workers, as opioid misuse and abuse is statistically high in the workplace.
This a scholarly article meant to provide information about the opioid crisis to nurses so that they can help prevent the misuse and overprescription of these drugs in an effort to reduce developed addictions and overdose deaths. The authors of this article are both licensed nurses with a background of medical expertise and first hand experience of the opioid crisis. Their in depth knowledge as well as the other credited sources that are cited in the article lead me to believe this is a trustworthy source. The authors of this article declared to have no conflict of interest to the research or publication of this article which lets me know they were objective while writing.
The strategies suggested in this article and be applied to our project to help us explain the approach nurses can take to combat the opioid crisis. The historical background of the opioid crisis also helped me gain a deeper understanding of the progression and development of this epidemic. I can use this to review what didn’t work in the past to conclude what solutions nurses can try now.
Manworren, Renee C. B., and Aaron M. Gilson. “Nurses’ Role in Preventing Prescription
Opioid Diversion.” AJN American Journal of Nursing, vol. 115, no. 8, Aug. 2015,
pp. 34–42. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1097/01.NAJ.0000470398.43930.10.
This article was written to discuss the magnitude of the problem of the opioid epidemic. It proposes three areas where nurses can make a huge difference in helping prevent opioid diversion and nonmedical use: the scope of opioid diversion and its negative effects, nurses role in intervention, and ensuring safe and effective analgesic practices. The article also highlights information that nurses can tell their patients to help prevent the issue. The authors state and elaborate on the fact that nurses serve as educators in the healthcare field and they are going to be our biggest hope in solving the issue. It also gives a great list of statistics regarding the amount of patients in previous years who came into the hospital with an opioid addiction as well as statistics regarding which drugs are most used.
This article would be useful when trying to explain different way that nurses can help end the opioid epidemic. It would also be very resourceful for statistics to back up claims in the research paper or video. I still have questions about how the opioid epidemic started and why it has continued to go on for this long period of time.
Messer, Alice. “Nurses Working Together to Fight the Opioid Epidemic.” The
Mississippi RN79.1 (2017): 12–13. Web. https://search-proquest-com.librarylink.uncc.edu/docview/1878370871?OpenUrlRefId=info:xri/sid:primo&accountid=14605
This article is from the perspective of a nurse named Alice Messer, who resides and works in Mississippi, a state that is “ranked 5th in the United States for the amount of opioid prescriptions written.” The source elaborates on the role of nurses in preventing opioid abuse and the measures taken to combat the effects of the drug in individuals who develop an addiction. The topics covered within the article include a description of opioid drugs, statistics of American individuals who have been affected by the epidemic, the age group that is predominantly impacted, and a detailed list of strategies to prevent addiction of opioid drugs (assessment, education, monitoring programs, advocation, etc.) The author, being a nurse herself, may hold a bias on the subject. However, her credentials and nursing license, as well as the detailed statistical information provided within the article, lead us to view the source as valid and reliable.
This source was intended to highlight the growing opioid crisis and offer solutions to combat the negative effects of this epidemic. The main audience the author intended this article for is other nurses, explaining that “It will take all RNs and APRNs working together to impact this epidemic”. The source comes from an academic article written by the director of the Council on Health Affairs. Since the author of this source holds such an accredited title and has first hand experience on the topic she is addressing, the information in the source is viewed as reliable. This source not only offers statistics from other reliable sources, such as the Center for Disease Control, but also explains why addiction to opioids is growing. This is an important aspect to address in a treatment article because if you don’t know why something is happening you won’t know how to stop it. The source elaborates on the thought process of individuals who become addicted to opioids which explains the increase in opioid use.
Nicol, Andrea L, et al. Alternatives to Opioids in the Pharmacologic Management of Chronic Pain Syndromes: A Narrative Review of Randomized, Controlled, and Blinded Clinical Trials. Nov. 2017, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5785237/.
This source is written by Andrea L. Nicol, MD, MSc, Assistant Professor, Robert W. Hurley, MD, PhD, Professor, and Honorio T. Benzon, MD, Professor. The source covers an abundance of information regarding alternatives to opioids that alleviate chronic pain. This article elaborates on many different studies where non opioid analgesics were given to patients with non cancer chronic pain. The overall all results showed pain reduction in many chronic pain conditions like low back pain and fibromyalgia. However, despite these results experts still believe that more research is needed to determine the best treatment for individuals with chronic pain. The article emphasises the importance of evidence based care and how we should use that to combat the overprescription of opioids.
This source was written by medical professionals who sought to offer alternative solutions to prescribing opioids. They reported on various experimental trials ensuring that they met the inclusion criteria, controlled randomization, and blind study practices to prevent any bias. Their medical expertise and professionalism in writing and research conduct lead me to believe is this a credible source that provides helpful information in dealing with the devastating effects of the opioid crisis.
This article offers great insight on taking alternatives for opioids to relieve pain. We could use this information in our project when giving examples of how we can solve the epidemic. We could also use it in the sense that nurses maybe push more towards using these replacement drugs as a another example of how nurses can help the issue. By taking these different drugs patients are still receiving the treatment they need for their pain without running the risks of becoming addicted to these drugs.
DISCRIPTION:
AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY: An annotated bibliography is a type of literature that provides a very brief overview of the topic that you have chosen from your research. While writing an annotated bibliography, you have to make a brief summary of the research sources and look carefully at the value of the sources and reflect the validity of the origin materials thus chosen for. When you are writing an annotated bibliography, you shall have to consider purposes, format, writing style and examples to give your dissertation a full-fledged dimension.
DEFINITION: An annotated bibliography is a list of citations to books, articles, and documents. Each citation is followed by a brief (usually about 150 words) descriptive and evaluative paragraph, the annotation. The purpose of the annotation is to inform the reader of the relevance, accuracy, and quality of the sources cited.
ANNOTATIONS VS. ABSTRACTS
Abstracts are the purely descriptive summaries often found at the beginning of scholarly journal articles or in periodical indexes. Annotations are descriptive and critical; they may describe the author's point of view, authority, or clarity and appropriateness of expression.
PURPOSES OF ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY:
· To familiarise yourself with the material available on a particular topic.
· To demonstrate the quality and depth of reading that you have done.
· To exemplify the scope of sources available—such as journals, books, web sites and magazine articles.
· To highlight sources that may be of interest to other readers and researchers.
· To explore and organise sources for further research.
RESOURCES FOR AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
· materials of an academic nature ranging from academic books dedicated to the subject.
· peer reviewed journals
· Text books
· web pages
· lecture notes /references given in class
ELEMENTS OF ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY:
An annotation may contain all or part of the following elements depending on the word limit and the content of the sources been examined:
· the background of the author(s)
· the content or scope of the text
· the main argument
· the intended audience
· the research methods (if applicable)
· any conclusions made by the author/s
· comments on the reliability of the text
· any special features of the text that were unique or helpful (charts, graphs etc.)
· the relevance or usefulness of the text for your research
· in what way the text relates to themes or concepts in your course
· the strengths and limitations of the text
THE PROCESS
Creating an annotated bibliography calls for the application of a variety of intellectual skills: concise exposition, succinct analysis, and informed library research.
First, locate and record citations to books, periodicals, and documents that may contain useful information and ideas on your topic. Briefly examine and review the actual items. Then choose those works that provide a variety of perspectives on your topic.
Cite the book, article, or document using the appropriate style. Online citation guides for both the Modern Language Association (MLA) and the American Psychological Association (APA) styles are linked from the Library's Citation Management page.
7 Steps to Write a Perfect Annotated Bibliography
1. Summarize the Sources: At the first instance, you have to choose the sources carefully and then make summaries out of these. You can do this by taking notes and pointing down important aspects of your sources. Make it such that anyone could understand what your work is all about by a mere glimpse of it.
2. Citations: Citations reference from scholarly books, academic abstracts, scholarly articles, images of videos and websites. It is the list of the references that you are going to use which is required to support your argument. You have to cite the journals and periodicals using the style that has been asked for by your supervisor. The most widely used forms of citations are American Psychological Association(APA) and Modern Language Association (MLA) Some other popular forms of citations include the Chicago or Turabian Style, Associated Press (AP) style and Council of Science Editors. You have to make sure about the format of the citations. A general formal first includes the name of the author, then the full book title of the book or article, after that comes the date of publication of the latest revision of the book which can be found on the internet. You can organize your citations by using some methods such as by alphabetically, chronologically, by format, by the language or by sub-topic.
3. Use an Annotated Bibliography: Using a little say, one-paragraphed information about your argument shall enrich your paper, and it shall also be easy for the readers. It also helps the reader to decide what sources they are going to use for further reference. In this regard, it should be noted that an annotated bibliography is not an abstract, Instead of providing a detailed summary, it is more informative and focused on a particular aspect of the topic. It shall be much better if you annotate each and every source of your bibliography.
4. Assess the Author’s Background and Credentials in an Annotation: In an annotated bibliography, using the author’s experience and other credentials such as his or her educational and critical reviews. It shall be beneficial to both the readers and the writers. You can also mention the intellectual inclination of the author and the school of thought to which he or she belongs. This mere mention shall make your argument intellectually fertile and more enriched, and your thesis shall be accepted with a great applause.
5. Make a list of the Central Themes and Main Arguments: By using these steps, you can give your readers a quick view of what your work is all about. You scan also outline the topic covered as they are used in your research question and make a molecular study about the work. You have to make it clear to the readers why you are using this particular book or article or journal to substantiate your arguments. Outline the importance of the particular source and make it easily readable by any range of readers. Make it approachable to all of them.
6. Evaluate Each Source: Make a critical evaluation of each of the sources you are using. Under the subhead “bibliographically included” and make a note whether you the particular source has any glossary, index or bibliography. It there are any test devices or survey instruments, you should also make a note of that. You have to make velar the usefulness of a particular source in your research work. Let the readers know whether the information is biased or objective or whether it is reliable. Also, mention about the chronology of the books. It is important to note whether a particular source is current or outdated.
7. Make a Proper Bibliography with All These Sources: After you are done with the evaluation of your source, you jot down all the sources and write an excellent bibliography out of it. Use these annotated sources in each of the points write it after each points. That shall enrich your article and make it more acceptable.
OR
Write a concise annotation that summarizes the central theme and scope of the book or article. Include one or more sentences that
(a) evaluate the authority or background of the author.
(b) comment on the intended audience.
(c) compare or contrast this work with another you have cited.
(d) explain how this work illuminates your bibliography topic.
CRITICALLY APPRAISING THE BOOK, ARTICLE, OR DOCUMENT
For guidance in critically appraising and analyzing the sources for your bibliography, see How to Critically Analyze Information Sources. For information on the author's background and views, ask at the reference desk for help finding appropriate biographical reference materials and book review sources.
The following overview should help you better understand how to cite sources using MLA eighth edition, including the list of works cited and in-text citations.
Please use the example at the bottom of this page to cite the Pur-due OWL in MLA
MLA has turned to a style of documentation that is based on a general method that may be applied to every possible source, to many different types of writing. But since texts have become increasingly mobile, and the same document may be found in several different sources, following a set of fixed rules is no longer sufficient.
The current system is based on a few principles, rather than an extensive list of specific rules. While the handbook still gives examples of how to cite sources, it is organized according to the process of documentation, rather than by the sources themselves. This process teaches writers a flexible method that is universally applicable. Once you are familiar with the method, you can use it to document any type of source, for any type of paper, in any field.
Here is an overview of the process:
When deciding how to cite your source, start by consulting the list of core elements. These are the general pieces of information that MLA suggests including in each Works Cited entry. In your citation, the elements should be listed in the following order:
Each element should be followed by the punctuation mark shown here. Earlier editions of the handbook included the place of publication, and required punctuation such as journal editions in parentheses, and colons after issue numbers. In the current version, punctuation is simpler (just commas and periods separate the elements), and information about the source is kept to the basics.
Author
Begin the entry with the author’s last name, followed by a comma and the rest of the name, as presented in the work. End this element with a period.
Said, Edward W. Culture and Imperialism. Knopf, 1994.
Title of source
The title of the source should follow the author’s name. Depending upon the type of source, it should be listed in italics or quotation marks.
A book should be in italics:
Henley, Patricia. The Hummingbird House. MacMurray, 1999.
A website should be in italics:
Lundman, Susan. "How to Make Vegetarian Chili." eHow, www.ehow.com/how_10727_make-vegetarian-chili.html.*
A periodical (journal, magazine, newspaper) article should be in quotation marks:
Bagchi, Alaknanda. "Conflicting Nationalisms: The Voice of the Subaltern in Mahasweta Devi's Bashai Tudu." Tulsa Studies in Women's Literature, vol. 15, no. 1, 1996, pp. 41-50.
Other contributors
In addition to the author, there may be other contributors to the source who should be credited, such as editors, illustrators, translators, etc. If their contributions are relevant to your research, or necessary to identify the source, include their names in your documentation.
Note: In the eighth edition, terms like editor, illustrator, translator, etc., are no longer abbreviated.
Foucault, Michel. Madness and Civilization: A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason.Translated by Richard Howard, Vintage-Random House, 1988.
Woolf, Virginia. Jacob’s Room. Annotated and with an introduction by Vara Neverow, Harcourt, Inc., 2008.
Version
If a source is listed as an edition or version of a work, include it in your citation.
The Bible. Authorized King James Version, Oxford UP, 1998.
Crowley, Sharon, and Debra Hawhee. Ancient Rhetorics for Contemporary Students. 3rd ed.,Pearson, 2004.
Number
If a source is part of a numbered sequence, such as a multi-volume book, or journal with both volume and issue numbers, those numbers must be listed in your citation.
Dolby, Nadine. “Research in Youth Culture and Policy: Current Conditions and Future Directions.” Social Work and Society: The International Online-Only Journal, vol. 6, no. 2, 2008, www.socwork.net/sws/article/view/60/362. Accessed 20 May 2009.
“94 Meetings.” Parks and Recreation, created by Greg Daniels and Michael Schur, performance by Amy Poehler, season 2, episode 21, Deedle-Dee Productions and Universal Media Studios, 2010.
Quintilian. Institutio Oratoria. Translated by H. E. Butler, vol. 2, Loeb-Harvard UP, 1980.
Publisher
The publisher produces or distributes the source to the public. If there is more than one publisher, and they are all are relevant to your research, list them in your citation, separated by a forward slash (/).
Klee, Paul. Twittering Machine. 1922. Museum of Modern Art, New York. The Artchive, www.artchive.com/artchive/K/klee/twittering_machine.jpg.html. Accessed May 2006.
Women's Health: Problems of the Digestive System. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, 2006.
Daniels, Greg and Michael Schur, creators. Parks and Recreation. Deedle-Dee Productions and Universal Media Studios, 2015.
Note: the publisher’s name need not be included in the following sources: periodicals, works published by their author or editor, a website whose title is the same name as its publisher, a website that makes works available but does not actually publish them (such as You-Tube, WordPress, or JSTOR).
Publication date
The same source may have been published on more than one date, such as an online version of an original source. For example, a television series might have aired on a broadcast network on one date, but released on Netflix on a different date. When the source has more than one date, it is sufficient to use the date that is most relevant to your use of it. If you’re unsure about which date to use, go with the date of the source’s original publication.
In the following example, Mutant Enemy is the primary production company, and “Hush” was released in 1999. This is the way to create a general citation for a television episode.
“Hush.” Buffy the Vampire Slayer, created by Joss Whedon, performance by Sarah Michelle Gellar, season 4, Mutant Enemy, 1999.
However, if you are discussing, for example, the historical context in which the episode originally aired, you should cite the full date. Because you are specifying the date of airing, you would then use WB Television Network (rather than Mutant Enemy), because it was the network (rather than the production company) that aired the episode on the date you’re citing.
“Hush.” Buffy the Vampire Slayer, created by Joss Whedon, performance by Sarah Michelle Gellar, season 4, episode 10, WB Television Network, 14 Dec. 1999.
Location
You should be as specific as possible in identifying a work’s location.
An essay in a book, or an article in journal should include page numbers.
Adiche, Chimamanda Ngozi. “On Monday of Last Week.” The Thing around Your Neck, Alfred A. Knopf, 2009, pp. 74-94.
The location of an online work should include a URL.
Wheelis, Mark. "Investigating Disease Outbreaks Under a Protocol to the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention." Emerging Infectious Diseases, vol. 6, no. 6, 2000, pp. 595-600, wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/6/6/00-0607_article. Accessed 8 Feb. 2009.
A physical object that you experienced firsthand should identify the place of location.
Matisse, Henri. The Swimming Pool. 1952, Museum of Modern Art, New York.
Optional elements
The eighth edition is designed to be as streamlined as possible. The author should include any information that helps readers easily identify the source, without including unnecessary information that may be distracting. The following is a list of select optional elements that should be part of a documented source at the writer’s discretion.
Date of original publication:
If a source has been published on more than one date, the writer may want to include both dates if it will provide the reader with necessary or helpful information.
Erdrich, Louise. Love Medicine. 1984. Perennial-Harper, 1993.
City of publication:
The seventh edition handbook required the city in which a publisher is located, but the eighth edition states that this is only necessary in particular instances, such as in a work published before 1900. Since pre-1900 works were usually associated with the city in which they were published, your documentation may substitute the city name for the publisher’s name.
Thoreau, Henry David. Excursions. Boston, 1863.
Date of access:
When you cite an online source, the MLA Handbook recommends including a date of access on which you accessed the material, since an online work may change or move at any time.
Bernstein, Mark. "10 Tips on Writing the Living Web." A List Apart: For People Who Make Websites, 16 Aug. 2002, alistapart.com/article/writeliving. Accessed 4 May 2009.
URLs:
As mentioned above, while the eighth edition recommends including URLs when you cite online sources, you should always check with your instructor or editor and include URLs at their discretion.
DOIs:
A DOI, or digital object identifier, is a series of digits and letters that leads to the location of an online source. Articles in journals are often assigned DOIs to ensure that the source is locatable, even if the URL changes. If your source is listed with a DOI, use that instead of a URL.
Alonso, Alvaro, and Julio A. Camargo. "Toxicity of Nitrite to Three Species of Freshwater Invertebrates." Environmental Toxicology, vol. 21, no. 1, 3 Feb. 2006, pp. 90-94. Wiley Online Library, doi: 10.1002/tox.20155.
Creating in-text citations using the eighth edition
The in-text citation is a brief reference within your text that indicates the source you consulted. It should properly attribute any ideas, paraphrases, or direct quotations to your source, and should direct readers to the entry in the list of works cited. For the most part, an in-text citation is the author’s name and page number (or just the page number, if the author is named in the sentence) in parentheses:
Imperialism is “the practice, the theory, and the attitudes of a dominating metropolitan center ruling a distant territory” (Said 9).
or
According to Edward W. Said, imperialism is defined by “the practice, the theory, and the attitudes of a dominating metropolitan center ruling a distant territory” (9).
Work Cited
Said, Edward W. Culture and Imperialism. Knopf, 1994.
When creating in-text citations for media that has a runtime, such as a movie or podcast, include the range of hours, minutes and seconds you plan to reference, like so (00:02:15-00:02:35).
Again, your goal is to attribute your source and provide your reader with a reference without interrupting your text. Your readers should be able to follow the flow of your argument without becoming distracted by extra information.
Final thoughts about the eighth edition
The current MLA guidelines teach you a widely applicable skill. Once you become familiar with the core elements that should be included in each entry in the Works Cited list, you will be able to create documentation for any type of source. While the handbook still includes helpful examples that you may use as guidelines, you will not need to consult it every time you need to figure out how to cite a source you’ve never used before. If you include the core elements, in the proper order, using consistent punctuation, you will be fully equipped to create a list of works cited on your own.
General Format
Summary:
APA (American Psychological Association) style is most commonly used to cite sources within the social sciences. This resource, revised according to the 6th edition, second printing of the APA manual, offers examples for the general format of APA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the reference page. For more information, please consult the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, (6th ed., 2nd printing).
Contributors:Joshua M. Paiz,
Elizabeth Angeli, Jodi Wagner, Elena Lawrick, Kristen Moore,
Michael Anderson, Lars Soderlund, Allen Brizee, Russell Keck
Last Edited: 2016-05-13 12:06:24
Please use the example at the bottom of this page to cite the Pur-due OWL in APA.
To see a side-by-side comparison of the three most widely used citation styles, including a chart of all APA citation guidelines, see the Citation Style Chart.
GENERAL APA GUIDELINES
Your essay should be typed, double-spaced on standard-sized paper (8.5" x 11") with 1" margins on all sides. You should use a clear font that is highly readable. APA recommends using 12 pt. Times New Roman font.
Include a page header (also known as the "running head") at the top of every page. To create a page header/running head, insert page numbers flush right. Then type "TITLE OF YOUR PAPER" in the header flush left using all capital letters. The running head is a shortened version of your paper's title and cannot exceed 50 characters including spacing and punctuation.
Major Paper Sections
Your essay should include four major sections: the Title Page, Abstract, Main Body, and References.
Title Page
The title page should contain the title of the paper, the author's name, and the institutional affiliation. Include the page header (described above) flush left with the page number flush right at the top of the page. Please note that on the title page, your page header/running head should look like this:
Running head: TITLE OF YOUR PAPER
Pages after the title page should have a running head that looks like this:
TITLE OF YOUR PAPER
After consulting with publication specialists at the APA, OWL staff learned that the APA 6th edition, first printing sample papers have incorrect examples of Running heads on pages after the title page. This link will take you to the APA site where you can find a complete list of all the errors in the APA's 6th edition style guide.
Type your title in upper and lowercase letters centered in the upper half of the page. APA recommends that your title be no more than 12 words in length and that it should not contain abbreviations or words that serve no purpose. Your title may take up one or two lines. All text on the title page, and throughout your paper, should be double-spaced.
Beneath the title, type the author's name: first name, middle initial(s), and last name. Do not use titles (Dr.) or degrees (PhD).
Beneath the author's name, type the institutional affiliation, which should indicate the location where the author(s) conducted the research.
Abstract
Begin a new page. Your abstract page should already include the page header (described above). On the first line of the abstract page, center the word “Abstract” (no bold, formatting, italics, underlining, or quotation marks).
Beginning with the next line, write a concise summary of the key points of your research. (Do not indent.) Your abstract should contain at least your research topic, research questions, participants, methods, results, data analysis, and conclusions. You may also include possible implications of your research and future work you see connected with your findings. Your abstract should be a single paragraph double-spaced. Your abstract should be between 150 and 250 words.
You may also want to list keywords from your paper in your abstract. To do this, indent as you would if you were starting a new paragraph, type Keywords: (italicized), and then list your keywords. Listing your keywords will help researchers find your work in databases.
HOW TO CITE THE PUR-DUE OWL IN APA
Individual Resources
Contributors' names and the last edited date can be found in the orange boxes at the top of every page on the OWL.
Contributors' names (Last edited date). Title of resource. Retrieved from http://Web address for OWL resource.
Angeli, E., Wagner, J., Lawrick, E., Moore, K., Anderson, M., Soderlund, L., & Brizee, A. (2010, May 5). General format. Retrieved from http://owl.english.pur due.edu/owl/resource/560/01/
SAMPLE ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY ENTRY FOR A JOURNAL ARTICLE
The following example uses APA style (Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th edition, 2010) for the journal citation:
Waite, L. J., Goldschneider,
F. K., & Witsberger, C. (1986). Nonfamily living and the
erosion of traditional family orientations among young adults.
American Sociological Review, 51,
541-554.
The authors, researchers at the Rand Corporation and Brown
University, use data from the National Longitudinal Surveys of
Young Women and Young Men to test their hypothesis that nonfamily
living by young adults alters their attitudes, values, plans, and
expectations, moving them away from their belief in traditional sex
roles. They find their hypothesis strongly supported in young
females, while the effects were fewer in studies of young males.
Increasing the time away from parents before marrying increased
individualism, self-sufficiency, and changes in attitudes about
families. In contrast, an earlier study by Williams cited below
shows no significant gender differences in sex role attitudes as a
result of nonfamily living.
VANCOUVER CITING & REFERENCING STYLE
Vancouver is a numbered referencing style commonly used in medicine and science, and consists of:
· Citations to someone else's work in the text, indicated by the use of a number.
· A sequentially numbered reference list at the end of the document providing full details of the corresponding in-text reference.
· It follows rules established by the International committee of Medical Journal Editors, now maintained by the U.S.
· National Library of Medicine. It is also known as Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts submitted to Biomedical Journals.
Scholarly journal articles
· Follow these examples closely for all layout, punctuation, spacing and capitalization. These general rules apply to both print and electronic articles.
· Enter author's surname followed by no more than 2 initials (full stop).
· If more than 1 author: give all authors' names and separate each by a comma and a space.
· For articles with 1 to 6 authors, list all authors. For articles with more than 6 authors, list the first 6 authors then add 'et al.'
· Only the first word of the article title and words that normally begin with a capital letter are capitalized.
· Journal titles are abbreviated (to decipher/find correct abbreviations see: PubMed Journals Database
· Follow the date with a semi-colon;
· Abbreviate months to their first 3 letters (no full stop)
· Give the volume number (no space) followed by issue number in brackets
· If the journal has continuous page numbering through its volumes, omit month/issue number.
· Abbreviate page numbers where possible, eg: 123-29.
Digital Object Identification (DOI) and URLs
The digital object identifier (DOI) is a unique identifier, and should be provided in the reference where it is available.
This alphanumeric string is usually located on the first page with other referencing elements in the article. More
recent electronic journal articles will be displayed as permanent URL's. They will look something like this -
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0024996. Both formats are acceptable, use the form as it appears in your source.
Print articles
Article with 1 to 6
authors
Author AA, Author BB, Author CC, Author DD. Title of article. Abbreviated title of
journal. Date of publication YYYY Mon DD;volume number(issue number):page
numbers.
Petitti DB, Crooks VC, Buckwalter JG, Chiu V. Blood pressure levels before dementia.
Arch Neurol. 2005 Jan;62(1):112-6.
Article with more
than 6 authors
Author AA, Author BB, Author CC, Author DD, Author EE, Author FF, et al. Title of
article. Abbreviated title of journal. Date of publication YYYY Mon DD;volume
number(issue number):page numbers.
Hallal AH, Amortegui JD, Jeroukhimov IM, Casillas J, Schulman CI, Manning RJ, et al.
Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography accurately detects common bile duct
stones in resolving gallstone pancreatitis. J Am Coll Surg. 2005 Jun;200(6):869-75.
Electronic journal articles
· The word [Internet] in square brackets should be inserted after the abbreviated journal title.
· The date cited [in square brackets] must be included after the date of publication.
· The URL (web address) must be included at the end of the reference.
· For electronic journal articles with a DOI, include the DOI (digital object identifier)at the end of the reference, after the URL.
Electronic journal article
Author AA, Author BB. Title of article. Abbreviated title of Journal [Internet]. Date of
publication YYYY MM [cited YYYY Mon DD];volume number(issue number):page
numbers. Available from: URL
Stockhausen L, Turale S. An explorative study of Australian nursing scholars and
contemporary scholarship. J Nurs Scholarsh [Internet]. 2011 Mar [cited 2013 Feb
19];43(1):89-96. Available from: http://search.proquest.com.
ezproxy.lib.monash.edu.au/ docview/858241255?accountid=12528
Electronic journal article with DOI
Author AA, Author BB, Author CC, Author DD, Author EE, Author FF. Title of article.
Abbreviated title of Journal [Internet]. Year of publication [cited YYYY Mon
DD];volume number(issue number):page numbers. Available from: URL DOI
Kanneganti P, Harris JD, Brophy RH, Carey JL, Lattermann C, Flanigan DC. The effect
of smoking on ligament and cartilage surgery in the knee: a systematic review. Am J
Sports Med [Internet]. 2012 Dec [cited 2013 Feb 19];40(12):2872-8. Available from:
http://ajs.sagepub.com/content/40/12/2872 DOI: 10.1177/0363546512458223
Books and book chapters
· Follow these examples closely for all layout, punctuation, spacing and capitalization.
· Enter author's surname, followed by no more than 2 initials.
· Give all authors' names and separate each by a comma and a space.
· Enter all authors' names in the order in which they appear in the original source.
· Only the first word of the article title and words that normally begin with a capital letter are capitalized.
· For book chapters abbreviate page numbers to p. eg p. 12-25. Where appropriate abbreviate thus: p. 122-8.
· For electronic books include the DOI (Digital Object Identifier) if it is given and place it after the URL (web address).
· Abbreviate months to their first 3 letters
· The formats for Tables and Figures (see below) can also be applied to charts, photographs, graphs etc.
· For more detailed information go to: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/citingmedicine
Book :
a.) Print book
OR
b.) Electronic book
a.) Author AA. Title of book. # edition [if not first]. Place of Publication: Publisher;
Year of publication. Pagination.
b.) Author AA. Title of web page [Internet]. Place of Publication: Sponsor of
Website/Publisher; Year published [cited YYYY Mon DD]. Number of pages. Available
from: URL DOI: (if available)
a.) Carlson BM. Human embryology and developmental biology. 4th ed. St. Louis:
Mosby; 2009. 541 p.
b.) Shreeve DF. Reactive attachment disorder: a case-based approach [Internet]. New
York: Springer; 2012 [cited 2012 Nov 2]. 85 p. Available from:
http://ezproxy.lib.monash.edu.au/ login?url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-
1647-0
Chapter :
a. ) in an edited
book
OR
b.) in an edited
electronic book
a.) Author AA, Author BB. Title of chapter. In: Editor AA, Editor BB, editors. Title of
book. # edition. Place of Publication: Publisher; Year of publication. p. [page numbers
of chapter].
b.) Author AA, Author BB. Title of chapter. In: Editor AA, Editor BB, editors. Title of
the book [Internet]. Place of publication: Publisher's name; Year of publication. [cited
YYYY Mon DD]. p. #. [page or chapter number/s]. Available from: URL DOI [if
available]
a.) Blaxter PS, Farnsworth TP. Social health and class inequalities. In: Carter C, Peel
JR, editors. Equalities and inequalities in health. 2nd ed. London: Academic Press;
1976. p. 165-78.
b.) Halpen-Felsher BL, Morrell HE. Preventing and reducing tobacco use. In: Berlan
ED, Bravender T, editors. Adolescent medicine today: a guide to caring for the
adolescent patient [Internet]. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co.; 2012 [cited
2012 Nov 3]. Chapter 18. Available from: http://www.worldscientific.com/
doi/pdf/10.1142/9789814324496_0018
Government and other reports
· Follow these examples closely for all layout, punctuation, spacing and capitalization.
· Enter author's surname, followed by no more than 2 initials.
· Give all authors and separate each by a comma and a space.
· Where the author is an organisation, quote the full name of the organisation, omitting the word "The" if
· preceding the name. Follow the name with the country of origin in parenthesis ( ) using only the two letter
· country code. See Appendix D of Citing Medicine.
· Where an author and organisation are cited, use the author's name. Add the organisation's name at your
· discretion.
· If there are no authors, only editors, list all editors, followed by a comma and the word editor(s)
· Only the first word of the article title and words that normally begin with a capital letter are capitalized.
· The place of publication is the city in which the report was published. For US and Canadian cities follow with
· the two letter state code in Appendix E of Citing Medicine for all other cities us the two letter country code
· in Appendix D of Citing Medicine
· Include page numbers in an abbreviated format. e.g.: p. 12-25. Where appropriate abbreviate e.g. p. 241-8
· For electronic reports include the DOI if it is given and place it after the URL.
· Abbreviate months to their first 3 letters
Government
reports
Author AA, Author BB. Title of report. Place of publication: Publisher; Date of publication.
Total number of pages. Report No.:
Rowe IL, Carson NE. Medical manpower in Victoria. East Bentleigh (AU): Monash
University, Department of Community Practice; 1981. 35 p. Report No.: 4.
Dictionaries and encyclopaedias
· Follow these examples closely for all layout, punctuation, spacing and capitalization.
· Include the DOI at the end of the reference if it is available.
Article from online reference work
Title of encyclopedia [Internet]. Place of publication: Publisher; year. Title of article;
[updated YYYY Mon DD; cited YYYY Mon DD]; [# of pages/screens]. Available from:
URL
A.D.A.M. medical encyclopedia [Internet]. Atlanta (GA): A.D.A.M., Inc.; c2005. Ear
barotrauma; [updated 2006 Oct 20; cited 2006 Nov 16]; [about 4 screens]. Available
from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001064.htm
Article from electronic drug guide
Title of work [Internet]. Place of publication: Publisher/Website; year. Name of drug:
[revision/review date; cited YYY Mon DD]; [# of pages/screens]. Available from: URL
AHFS consumer medication Information [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): American Society
of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc.; ©2008. Protriptyline; [revised 2007 Aug 1;
reviewed 2007 Aug 1; cited 2008 Oct 2]; [about 5 p.]. Available from:
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a604025.html
Audio visual media
DVD’s Author A. Title [Format]. Place of publication: Publisher; year of publication. Item
description.
Subbarao M. Tough cases in carotid stenting [DVD]. Woodbury (CT): Cine-Med, Inc.; 2003.
1 DVD: sound, color, 4 3/4 in.
Video file e.g Web
streaming video
Author, A. Title [format]. Place of publication: publisher; date of publication [date it was
viewed]. Available from: website address
Silverstein O. Mothers and sons: the crucial connection [web streaming video]. Hanover
(USA): Microtraining Associates; 2005 [cited 2010 May 27]. Available from:
http://ctiv.alexanderstreet.com/View/536289
From the Internet
· Follow these examples closely for all layout, punctuation, spacing and capitalization
· Author names should be listed in the order they appear on the site.
· Reproduce the title of a homepage as closely as possible to the wording on the screen
· Place the word Internet in square brackets following the title (and content type if present)
· Place of publication is defined as the city where the homepage is published. If place, publisher, date
· unknown use [place unknown], for example.
· Publisher is defined as the individual or organization issuing the homepage.
· Use the date of publication as the date the page was first published on the internet, always give the year.
· Date of up-date/revision - Always give the year and include the date/month, if provided, after the year.
· Include the date that you saw the page on the internet.
· Begin with the phrase "Available from". Insert the URL in its entirety. End with a period only if the URL ends
· with a slash, otherwise end with no punctuation
· For a more detailed guide to referencing website information please consult:
· Patrias K. Citing medicine: the NLM style guide for authors, editors, and publishers [Internet]. 2nd ed. Wendling DL, technical editor. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); 2007 [updated 2009 Oct 21; cited 2010 Jan 8]. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/citingmedicine
Web page:
a.) homepage
b.) part of website
a.) Author/organization's name. Title of the page [Internet]. Place of publication:
Publisher's name; Date or year of publication [updated yr month day; cited yr month
day]. Available from: URL
b.) Title of the homepage [Internet]. Place of publication: Publisher's name; Date or
year of publication. Title of specific page/part; Date of publication of part [Date cited
of part]; [location or pagination of part]. Available from: URL
a.) Diabetes Australia. Diabetes globally [Internet]. Canberra ACT: Diabetes Australia;
2012 [updated 2012 June 15; cited 2012 Nov 5]. Available from:
http://www.diabetesaustralia.com.au/en/ Understanding-Diabetes/Diabetes-
Globally/
b.) Australian Medical Association [Internet]. Barton ACT: AMA; c1995-2012. Junior
doctors and medical students call for urgent solution to medical training crisis; 2012
Oct 22 [cited 2012 Nov 5]; [about 3 screens]. Available from:
https://ama.com.au/media/junior-doctors -and-medical-students-call-urgent-
solution-medical-training-crisis
Image from web
Note: If the title of the image is not shown construct a title that describes the image
shown. Use enough words to make the constructed title meaningful. Place the
constructed title in square brackets.
Author or organization. Title [Image on internet]. Place of publication: Publisher's
name; date of publication [date cited]. Available from: URL
Centres for Disease Control and Prevention. Shingles on face. [Image on internet].
2011 [updated 2011 Jan 10; cited 2012 Nov 6]. Available
from: http://www.cdc.gov/shingles/about/photos.html
University course materials
Note: Not all lecturers approve the citation of unit materials, such as lecture slides, in assignments. Check with your
lecturer first to see if these resources are acceptable
Lecture notes on
Moodle
Author, A.A. Title of lecture [format]. Place of Publication: Publisher; Date of Publication
[Date cited]. Available from: 'website address'
Cloe, J. The normal distribution [Lecture notes on internet]. Melbourne: Monash University,
Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences; 2012 [cited 2012 Jun 26]. Available
from: http://moodle.vle.monash.edu.au
Custom textbook or unit reader
Author, A.A. Title of article. Publication details including original pages. Reprinted in: Smith,
B editor, Title of course material. Place of publication: Publisher; Year of publication.
Shaffer, E, Brenner J. International trade agreements: hazards to health? International
Journal of Health Services. 2004;34(3):467-481. Reprinted in: BTW3201 International Trade
Law course materials 2011. Melbourne: Monash University; 2011.
SAMPLE REFERENCE LIST
References:
1. O'Campo P, Dunn JR, editors. Rethinking social epidemiology: towards a science of change. Dordrecht:
Springer; 2012. 348 p.
2. Schiraldi GR. Post-traumatic stress disorder sourcebook: a guide to healing, recovery, and growth
[Internet]
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