Question

• Define:
• Health, management ?
• Determinations of Health?
• Healthcare?
• Health disparities?
• Continuum of Care Model?
• External environment of HCO’s 11 sectors?
• Healthcare trends of future developments?
• Institute for Healthcare improvement?
• Stakeholder and their stakes in HCO?
• Scientific management?
• Administrative theory?
• Coordination?
• Line of authority?
• Line and staff jobs?
• Span of Control?
• Centralization?
• Norms?
• Mayo and Human Relations?
• Gulick, Urwick and management function?
• Weber Bureaucratic theory?
• Lewin and Organization Development theory?
• Katz and management skills ?

Answer 1

• Health is a state of physical, mental and social well-being in which disease and infirmity are absent.
• Determinants of health are a range of factors that influence the health status of individuals or populations.

1. Income and social status
2. Employment and working conditions
3. Education and literacy
4. Childhood experiences
5. Physical environments
6. Social supports and coping skills
7. Healthy behaviours. Thank
8. Access to health services
9. Biology and genetic endowment
10. Gender
11. Culture
12. Race / Racism

• Healthcare is defined as the prevention and treatment of diseases through medical professional services.
• health disparity is defined as “a particular type of health difference that is closely linked with social, economic, and/or environmental disadvantage.
• In healthcare, the continuum of care is now being used to describe how healthcareproviders follow a patient from preventive care, through medical incidents, rehabilitation, and maintenance. Depending on the patient, this might involve the use of acute care hospitals, ambulatory care, or long-term care facilities

• The external environment of HCO 11 sectors are

1. Industry sector
2. Technology sector
3. Raw materials sector
4. Economic conditions sector
5. Human resources sector
6. Government sector
7. Financial resources sector
8. Sociocultural sector
9. Market sector
10. International sector

• Healthcare trends of future developments:

1. Artificial intelligence

2. Virtual reality

3. Augmented reality

4. Healthcare trackers, wearables and sensors

5. Medical tricorder
6. Genome sequencing
7. . Revolutionizing drug development
8. Nanotechnology
9. Robotics
10. 3D-printing

• The Institute for Healthcare Improvement (IHI) is a not-for-profit organization promoting health improvement by advancing the quality and value of health care.
• The major stakeholders in the healthcare system are patients, physicians, employers, insurance companies, pharmaceutical firms and government. Insurance companies sell health coverage plans directly to patients or indirectly through employer or governmental Physicians are the providers of medical care; patients are the recipients. And government subsidizes healthcare for the elderly, the disabledand poor.
• Scientific management is a theory of management that analyzes and synthesizes workflows. Its main objective is improving economic efficiency, especially labor productivity. It was one of the earliest attempts to apply science to the engineering of processes to management.
• The Administrative Theory is based on the concept of departmentalization, which means the different activities to be performed for achieving the common purpose of the organization should be identified and be classified into different groups or departments, such that the task can be accomplished effectively.
• Coordination is the organization of the different elements of a complex body or activity so as to enable them to work together effectively.
• The line of authority:The chain of command within an organization that confers the power to order subordinates to perform a task within their job description.
• Staff and line are names given to different types of functions in organizations. A "line function" is one that directly advances an organization in its core work. This always includes production and sales, and sometimes also marketing.A "staff function" supports the organization with specialized advisory and support functions. For example, human resources, accounting, public relations and the legal department are generally considered to be staff functions.
• span of control refers the area of activity and number of functions, people, or things for which an individual or organization is responsible
• centralization is the process by which the activities of an organisation, particularly those regarding planning and decision-making, framing strategy and policies become concentrated within a particular geographical location group
• Norms are a fundamental concept in the social sciences. They are most commonly defined as rules or expectations that are socially enforced. Norms may be prescriptive (encouraging positive behavior; for example, “be honest”) or proscriptive (discouraging negative behavior; for example, “do not cheat”).
• Mayo introduced the Human RelationsSchool of thought, which focused on managers taking more of an interest in the workers, treating them as people who have worthwhile opinions and realising that workers enjoy interacting together. His theory most closely fits in with a paternalistic style of management.
• With the POSDCORB concept, Gulick and Urwick took a number of facets within organisational structure and coordination into account.POSDCORB, which stands for Planning, Organising, Staffing, Directing, Coordinating, Reporting and Budgeting
• According to the bureaucratic theory of Max Weber, bureaucracy is the basis for the systematic formation of any organisation and is designed to ensure efficiency and economic effectiveness. It is an ideal model for management and its administration to bring an organisation's power structure into focus.

• Organizational Development (OD) is a field of research, theory, and practice dedicated to expanding the knowledge and effectiveness of people to accomplish more successful organizational change and performance.

  OD is a process of continuous diagnosis, action planning, implementation and evaluation, with the goal of transferring knowledge and skills to organizations to improve their capacity for solving problems and managing future change.

• Robert Katz identified three managerial skills essential to successful management: technical, human, and conceptual. Technical skill involves process or technique knowledge and proficiency.Leaders must possess these three skills that assist them in optimizing a leader's performance.