Question

31.- Blood cells and its importance to the Second and Third line of Defense.

32.- Lymphatic system: Principal components and organs.

33.- Phagocytes. Phagocytosis: Chemotaxis, Adherence, Ingestion, Digestion. Margination and Diapedesis.

34.- Inflammation: Signs and Symptoms.

35.- Fever: Benefits and Complications.

36.- Complement system. C3a vs C3b. MAC (Membrane attack complex)

37.- Interferons. Actions.

38.- Iron-binding proteins and bacteria and Antimicrobial peptides.

39.- T cells and B cells (differences). Production. Antigen presentation. Activation clonal expansion.

40.-Humoral immunity. Cellular immunity.

Answer 1

31.Another name for a White Blood Cell is leukocytes, which are cells that are very important to the immune system and its protection against pathogens and other harmful substances. Throughout the bloodstream and lymphatic system, leucocytes circulate, collecting in the lymphatic node and sight of infection or as part of the clotting process:

There are usually 5 leucoyte variants: ranging from those involved in the none-specific primary immune response to highly specialised T cells and B cells that are directly complementary to a particular pathogen antigen. The biggest type of cell is monocytes. The intrinsic immune protection is responsible for acting rapidly in response to an infection;Differentiation into different cells , including macrophages, for example. These cells then begin to ingest the pathogen and try to use hydrolytic enzymes to break it down. In order to trigger a specific immune response to the pathogen, macrophages may also display their own antigens on the surface of their cells.

White blood cells or lymphocytes are made up of unique immune system: B-cells and T-cells. Compared to the second line of protection, which is triggered by any pathogen, these cells identify the invading pathogen specifically. A protection mechanism is installed by lymphocytes to cater to the unique invader.

32.Both lymphatic vessels and lymphoid organs form the lymphatic system. For eg, in the small intestine (Peyer's patches) and throat (adenoid tonsils, palatine and tubal tonsils), the lymph nodes, spleen , thymus as well as the lymphatic tissue found, to name a few, all reflect lymphatic organs.