Question

1. Why did the United States have no central bank between 1836 and 1913?  Why did Congress decide to establish the Federal Reserve System in 1913?

Answer 1

Prior to 1913, banks used to have liquidity crisis that would
lead to bank runs. Bank runs resulted in economic downturns like
the great depression.
The depositors lost confidence in the banking system in 1907,
and all depositors started withdrawing money from the banks at the same time.
The depositors thought that the banks were going to become
insolvent.
This was the phenomenon of banks runs in 1907 also known as "The panic of 1907".
The U.S government established the Federal reserve system in 1913 to avert panics in
the banking system that often times eventually led to depression in the U.S economy.