In 1860s, there was no existence of financial markets and institutions in the economy. However, investing activities were still performed in the economy. If you were an investor back then, what sort of risks would have been associated with your investments?
In the absence of financial markets and institutions, the main risk which investors would have faced would have been default risk and liquidity risk. Financial markets provide a common platform for all buyers and sellers so the risk of not being able to find buyers or sellers is minimized (liquidity risk). Additionally, financial markets and institutions act as crucial intermediaries so that strangers can transact without the risk of the other party defaulting or defrauding one.
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