Consider an industry with the inverse demand function P(Q) = 12 − Q, where Q is the sum of the outputs q1 and q2 of the two firms in the industry. There is only fixed cost in production (e.g. investment cost for machine) but no variable cost for producing each output (e.g. zero cost for inputs). Both two firms have the same fixed cost at 4. No fixed cost incurs if a firm decides not to operate. Suppose that firm 1 is the leader in the industry. That is, first firm 1 chooses q1; then firm 2, after seeing q1, chooses q2. Assume that a firm does not operate when profit is zero. (Hints: The fixed cost affects only the firm’s decision of whether or not to operate; it does not affect the output a firm wishes to produce if it wishes to operate.)
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