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Which of the following events is more likely to be considered to shift the long-run aggregate...

Which of the following events is more likely to be considered to shift the long-run aggregate supply (LRAS) for the United States?

      
Financial crisis in 2008

       
Hurricane Ike in 2008

       
Japanese tsunami in 2011

       
Countrywide application of hydraulic fracturing technology for shale gas in 2013

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