Question

1. Can you please explain what information will be needed for socket based communication?
2. Can you please describe the ONE of the following? a. interrupt procedure; b. how system call parameters are transferred; c. how system call API are provided to users
3. Can you please explain how the boot process overcome ONE of the following obstacles? a. Where to find the OS installed on the storage

4. b. How control flow is transferred from firmware to software

   c. Missing drivers

   d. Real mode limit to access memory

   e. Large root file system

Answer 1

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Socket based communication is the transfer of information, data from one program to another program over a network protocol such as TCP or UDP. Like if I want to send a hello msg to my friend then I need to have certain things for this such as:

1. Source IP Address: Who's gonna sharing information much have a valid IP by which, the sender can be recognized at the receiver end.

2 Destination Address: It's is the important part and without this, it's not even possible to have a socket communication because if you want to send some data to your friend then you need the IP address of that person along with a PORT number, yes both are necessary to have this in communication.

You can think of emailing your friend, you put your friends email address in the text box so that message can be shared to the destination.

3. PORT Number: It's not necessary that the receiver is running only single program on his machine, there can be tons of applications running on his machine and to assure that which application is to receive the message which sender sent, we must have a port number to access a specific application.

Every application has it's PORT number to indetify itself in the host machine.

4. Network: You need a network before you can start sharing information such as TCP(transmission control protocol)

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Below are the ways by which you can pass parameters to a system call:

1. Pass the parameters in the registers, but not efficient one as you can have more parameters than your register.

2. Store your parametes in somewhere such as a table, block or memory and pass the reference or address of that block, table to the system call.

3. Implement the stack so that you can push your parameteres on to the stack and can be auto popped by the OS.

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It's common to have certain problems while booting the OS, it can be failing to locate your OS or missing drivers etc.

How OS handles missing drivers problem?

If your machine is having multiple OS installed then it will first prompt you to choose any of them and afterwards it will look for all the directories which are required to install or boot up that particular OS.

Take an example, you boot your OS on a pendrive and started booting this OS on a different machine, if every file and folder is there then it will boot up normally but if found something is missing then your boot up process won't go ahead and you will end up in crashing your OS and getting a console error message.

Missing drivers is important, because to run a OS, you need certain drivers such as music, wifi, networking, display, touchpad, speaker etc and few are primary and mandatory while some of them can be skipped while installing but the one that are mandatory needs to be there on your machine other wise you will again end up in gettting console error regarding your missing drivers.

In linux systems, you don't have to care about the drivers anymore because when you install it, you get all kind of drivers which are necessary for your normal OS working. while in case of windows, you need to install certain drivers before you can start using the OS.

I hope this will help, sorry for such a big answer.