Question

1. What are the two basic communication paradigms used in the Internet?
2. Give six characteristics of Internet stream communication.
3. Give six characteristics of Internet message communication.
4. If a sender uses the stream paradigm and always sends 1024 bytes at a time, what size blocks can the Internet deliver to a receiver
5. If a sender wants to have copies of each data block being sent to three recipients, which paradigm should the sender choose?
6. What are the four surprising aspects of the Internet’s message delivery semantics?
7. Give the general algorithm that a connection-oriented system uses.
8. When two applications communicate over the Internet, which one is the server?
9. Compare and contrast a client and server application by summarizing characteristics of each.
10. What is the difference between a server and a server-class computer?
11. Can data flow from a client to a server? Explain.
12. What performance problem motivates peer-to-peer communication?
13. Name two operating systems that offer the socket API.
14. Once a socket is created, how does an application reference the socket?
15. What are the main functions in the socket API?
16. What is packet-switching, and why is packet switching relevant to the Internet?
17. What is a communication protocol? Conceptually, what two aspects of communication does a protocol specify.
18. What is a protocol suite, and what is the advantage of a suite?
19. Describe the TCP/IP layering model, and explain how it was derived.
20. List the layers in the TCP/IP model, and give a brief explanation of each.
21. List major standardization organizations that create standards for data communications and computer networking.

Answer 1

Solution

What are the two basic communication paradigms used in the Internet?

1. Message paradigm
2. Stream paradigm

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Give six characteristics of Internet stream communication.

Six Characteristics of Internet stream communication:

1. Connection-oriented
2. 1-to-1 communication
3. Sequence of individual bytes
4. Arbitrary length transfer
5. Used for multimedia applications
6. Built on UDP protocol

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Give six characteristics of Internet message communication.

Six Characteristics of Internet message communication

1. Connectionless
2. Many-to-many communication
3. Sequence of individual messages
4. Each message limited to 64 Kbytes
5. Used by most applications
6. Built on TCP protocol
   

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If a sender uses the stream paradigm and always sends 1024 bytes at a time, what size blocks can the Internet deliver to a receiver?

stream paradigm does not provide any guarantees for block sizes, so all depends on individual transfer.

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If a sender wants to have copies of each data block being sent to three recipients, which paradigm should the sender choose?

The message paradigm is suitable for such transfer, since it allows many-to-many communication

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What are the four surprising aspects of the Internet’s message delivery semantics?

The Internet’s message delivery has the following undesirable characteristics:

1. Messages can be lost
2. Messages can be duplicated
3. Message can be delayed
4. Messages can be delivered out-of-order

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Give the general algorithm that a connection-oriented system uses.

The interaction between two connection-oriented parties can be summarized as:

• Setting-up connection between two parties
• Exchange information
• Terminate the connection

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When two applications communicate over the Internet, which one is the server?
The application that waits for some other applications to contact is called server, and the application that contact other one is called client.

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What is the difference between a server and a server-class computer?

The server term refers to a program that waits passively for communication, and not to the computer on which it executes. However, when a computer is dedicated to running one or more server programs, the computer itself is sometimes called a server. Hardware vendors contribute to the confusion because they classify computers that have fast CPUs, large memories, and powerful operating systems as server machines.
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Can data flow from a client to a server? Explain.

Yes, data may flow in both directions (client->server and server->client).

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What performance problem motivates peer-to-peer communication?

The performance of the client server architecture is mainly affected by the traffic bottleneck.

Traffic bottleneck motivates peer-to-peer architecture, hence unlike client server architecture it distributes the data across all the servers thereby avoiding congestion over the network.

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Name two operating systems that offer the socket API.

Microsoft Windows and Unix offer socket API

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Once a socket is created, how does an application reference the socket?

When a socket is created it provided with an unique identifier by the operating system. Thereafter the socket is referenced by that integer descriptor only.

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What are the main functions in the socket API?

To specify the details of an application program that interacts with socket software is the main function in the socket API
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What is packet-switching, and why is packet switching relevant to the Internet?

Packet switching divides data into small blocks, called packets, and includes an identification of the intended recipient in each packet.

Packet switching changed networking in a fundamental way, and provided the basis for the modern Internet. Packet switching allows multiple senders to transmit data over a shared network.

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What is a communication protocol? Conceptually, what two aspects of communication does a protocol specify?

A communication protocol refer to a specification for network communication.

Major aspects of a protocol are syntax (format) and semantics (meaning) of the protocol.

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What is a protocol suite, and what is the advantage of a suite?

protocols are designed in complete, cooperative sets called suites or families, instead of creating each protocol in isolation.

Each protocol in a suite handles one aspect of communication; together, the protocols in a suite cover all aspects of communication. The entire suite is designed to allow the protocols to work together efficiently

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Describe the TCP/IP layering model, and explain how it was derived.

The fundamental abstraction used to collect protocols into a unified whole is the layering model. Each piece is known as a layer; the terminology arises because protocols in a suite are organized into a linear sequence.

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List the layers in the TCP/IP model, and give a brief explanation of each.

The TCP/IP consists of 5 layers. The layers and their short explanation is as follows:

Layer 1: Physical: Protocols in the Physical layer specify details about the underlying transmission medium and the associated hardware.

Layer 2: Network Interface Protocols in the Network Interface layer specify details about communication between higher layers of protocols and the underlying network.

Layer 3: Internet: Protocols in the Internet layer form the fundamental basis for the Internet. Layer 3 protocols specify communication between two computers across the Internet

Layer 4: Transport: Protocols in the Transport layer provide for communication from an application program on one computer to an application program on another.

Layer 5: Application: Protocols in the top layer of the TCP/IP stack specify how a pair o applications interact when they communicate.

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List major standardization organizations that create standards for data communications and computer networking.

Various national and international organizations are involved in standardization of communications and networking services. To list few:

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
International Telecommunications Union, Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T)
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)

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