Question

How are X-ray photoelectrons, Auger electrons, and X-ray fluorescence generated?

Answer 1

X-ray photoelectrons:

are generated through the irradiation of a substance by X-ray beam under ultrahigh vaccum condition. It measures the kinetic energy and number of photo electrons ejected from the top 0 to 10 nm depth of the material under investigation.

Auger electrons:

The high energitic electrons (Kinetic energy) can knock out the inner core electron leaving the vacant position. The electron far from the nucleus may drop to that position through emission of photons. For heavy atoms, this energy is ususally in X-ray region.

This photo emission is called X-ray fluorescence.