Question

Chemiosomotic hypothesis 1: Positively charged ions, like protons, are pumped across mitochondrial membranes in an electrical potential-generating process by the flow of electrons down an electron transfer chain from a high energy state to a low energy state.

Chemiosomotic hypothesis 2: The flow of ions or protons down an electrochemical gradient can be used to transport other molecules against a concentration gradient.

Chemiosomotic hypothesis 3: The flow ions or protons down an electrochemical gradient can be used to drive energy-requiring cellular “machines” such as bacterial flagella for bacterial locomotion.

Answer 1