Question

1) A healthy, well-nourished 27-year-old ate a large steak and egg breakfast. A few hours later, she consumed an ice cream sundae. The protein from her diet is denatured and then proteolyzed to single amino acids. Several hours later, the majority of the nitrogen atoms from the protein in her diet would most likely be found incorporated into:

A) Glycogen

B) Ketone Bodie

C) Nucleotides

2) Autophagy is a process that involves the degration of protiens. Under condition of low energy (high AMP) which of the following is true regarding regulation of this process?

A) Akt is activated and phosphorylates the TSC1/TSC2 complex

B) Rheb is is bound to GTP

C) mTOR is activated

D) AMPK is active and phosphorylates TSC1/TSC2 complex

Answer 1

1 ) answer : A) Glycogen

2) answer : D) AMPK is active and phosphorylates TSC1/TSC2 complex

explanation: Under low-energy conditions, AMPK positively regulates autophagy induction through inhibition of mTORC1. This releases the negative regulation of mTORC1 on the Ulk1/2-Atg13-FIP200 complex, especially on Ulk1/2 kinase activity. AMPK inhibits mTORC1 either via the TSC1/2-Rheb pathway or by direct phosphorylation of raptor. However, AMPK is also able to bind, phosphorylate, and directly activate Ulk1/2. Again, this interaction is counteracted by mTORC1