Question

1. Which covalent bond is the most polar, and which is the least polar? C-N               C-O                     C-F
2. Including all constitutional isomers and stereoisomers, there are six different compounds with the formula C₄H₈.    Provide IUPAC names (including cis/trans or E/Z, as needed) for five of them.

3. Starting with propylbenzene, synthesize meta-bromobenzoic acid. You may use any other organic or inorganic reagents that you wish.    More than one step will be required -- be sure to list the steps (including reagents and catalysts) in the correct order.

4. What are the functional groups formed when LiAlH₄ reacts with:

   1. ​​​​​​an acyl chloride?

   2.   an amide?

Answer 1

1. More the similar energy levels of of the two elements, better is there overlapping of the Sigma bonds and more is the covalent character. In other words we can say that if the electronegativities of two elements are similar , then they make better covalent bonds.

Electronegativity order

C > N > O > F

Hence the bond between C-N carbon and nitrogen is the least polar and most covalent bond and the bond between carbon and fluorine C-F is the most polar and least covalent bond.

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