Question

how does failure to maintain homeostasis in the integumentary system affect bone formation and remodeling processes? Be sure to discuss how the different types of bone cells responds to different factors (e.g. ions, cellular signaling molecules etc) and what the driving force behind maintaing homeostasis in bone remodeling process.

Answer 1

Q. how does failure to maintain homeostasis in the integumentary system affect bone formation and remodeling processes? Be sure to discuss how the different types of bone cells responds to different factors (e.g. ions, cellular signaling molecules etc) and what the driving force behind maintaing homeostasis in bone remodeling process.

Answer: The bones of the body protect the soft tissue and central nervous system. They help in controlling calcium ion level maintain in the extracellular fluids and help in hemopoiesis. To fulfil the noted functions bones undergo two processess

(1) Formation of the bone cells by Osteoblasts

(2) Resorption: Destruction of the bone cells by Osteoclasts

These process are coupled and balanced homeostatically to form bones in regulated manner. If the homeostasis gets disturbed the defomity occurs.

There are many factors involved in maintaing the homeostasis of the bones:

Growth factors: Growth factors such as IGFs or TGFβs have been reported to play important role in mainntaing he homeostasis of the bones. During the end of the resorption phase these growth factors are expressed on the bone surface of osteoclasts and initiate the bone formation. If these growth factors are not expressed on the cell surface of the osteoclasts at the right time for right duration the homeostasis of the bones becomes disturbed and proper bone is not formed and remodelling of the same is affected.

Humoral factors: Humoral factors such as imbalance in the hormones (parathyroid hormone/prostaglandin E) can affect the bone formation and destruction mechanisms due to disruptive cell signalling pathways. The signalling associated with these hormones and other cytokines to osteoclasts and osteoblasts with the cognant receptors get disturbs and the improper interaction of osteoblast–osteoclast produce abnormal bones.