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1. Explain the formation of homologous sister chromatids (tetrads) and their impact on the genetic material...

1. Explain the formation of homologous sister chromatids (tetrads) and their impact on the genetic material of the cells that result from this process

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ANSWER- Tetrads are combination of two homologous chromosomes or four sister chromatids.Tetrad is also called bivalent. Formation of homologous sister chromatids (tetrads) occurs in the prophase I of meiosis I.

  • In prophase I of meiosis I, chromosomal material starts condensing and proteins together form a structure called synaptonemal complex between the homologous chromosomes by first forming randomly at some points and then with the progress of meiosis I , it forms between the homologous chromosomes at all places due to which homologous chromosome forms synapsis ( tight connection or association between homologous chromosomes) which results in the exchange of genetic material between two homologous chromosomes and recombination nodules are also formed where exchange of genetic material occurs. Homologous chromosomes are attached at the point of x-shaped structure called chiasmata at least at one point forming a tetrad between homologous chromosomes.Chiasmata can be more than one between homologous chromosomes depending upon the length of chromosomes. That is how tetrads are formed between homologous chromosomes.
  • Impact on the genetic material of the cells that result from the process described above- Tetrads are formed after crossing over occurs between homologous chromosomes which results in genetic variation in the genetic material. Cells formed after the process described above contains genetic material which is not the exact copy of the parent cell, the genetic material shows some variation in respect to the genetic material of parent cell and recombinant chromosomes are produced as result of tetrads. Meiosis occurs in sex cells to form haploid gametes and as genetic material is exchanged during formation of tetrads,genetic variation occurs in the genetic material of cell formed due to tetrads or meiosis.

Formation of terads is shown in the image attached.

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