Question

Temperature: How do hyperthermophiles withstand high temperatures?

Atmosphere: How do aerobic bacteria withstand the toxic derivatives of oxygen metabolism?

pH: What mechanism(s) do acidophiles and alkaliphiles have in common that allow them to tolerate extremes of pH?

Water: How do osmotolerant bacteria resist crenation in a hypertonic environment?

Please be very detailed when answering these questions. thanks

Answer 1

Hyperthermophiles can tolerate a high temparature ranging between 70^° to 120° approximately and they tolerance is due to special adaptations in DNA structure and cell membrane. Normally two DNA strands are held together by base pairing where A and T are joined by double bond and G forms triple bond with cytosine. Hyperthermophiles contain GC rich bond more comparing to AT bond thus provide stability because more the number of hydrogen bond more energy is required to break the double strand DNA. As they live in high temparature enough thermal energy is available to break doube stranded DNA structure.

Second adaptation is in membrane of phosphlipid. Increse in chain length of phospholipid and higher number of saturated fatty acids acclimatize them to withstand T_m( themal melting point )allowing them to live in extreme hot environment .