Question

When is a hypothesis considered scientific?

	a. when it is based on something other than observation
	b. when it can be tested and is refutable
	c. when it relies on anecdotal evidence
	d. when it relies on mystical explanations
	e. All hypotheses are considered scientific until experiments determine otherwise.

3.

Of the following, which is the earliest step in the scientific process?

	a. generating a hypothesis
	b. analyzing data
	c. conducting an experiment
	d. drawing a conclusion
	e. developing a question based on an observation or on scientific theories.

4.

In a controlled experiment, which group receives the placebo?

	a. the experimental group
	b. the control group
	c. the dependent group
	d. the independent group
	e. all groups

5.

In the studies of coffee and memory discussed, the independent variable is __________ and the dependent variable is _______________.

	a. caffeinated coffee; decaffeinated coffee
	b. memory; caffeinated coffee
	c. caffeine; memory
	d. memory; caffeine
	e. decaffeinated coffee; caffeinated coffee

6.

Use the following information for the question below:

You conduct a clinical trial to test whether a new drug relieves the symptoms of arthritis better than a placebo. You have four groups of participants, all of whom have mildly painful arthritis (rated 7 on a scale of 1 to 10). Each group receives a daily pill as follows: control (group 1)—placebo; group 2—15 mg; group 3—25 mg; group 4—50 mg. At the end of 2 weeks, participants in each group are asked to rate their pain on a scale of 1 to 10.

What is the independent variable in this experiment?

	a. the amount of pain experienced at the start of the experiment
	b. the different drug treatment groups
	c. the degree to which pain symptoms changed between the start and the end of the experiment
	d. the drug itself
	e. The independent variable could be a, b, or c.

7.

In which of the following would you have the most confidence?

	a. a clinical trial with 15,000 subjects
	b. a randomized clinical trial with 15,000 subjects
	c. an epidemiological study with 15,000 subjects
	d. an endorsement of a product by a movie star
	e. a report on a study presented by a news organization

8.

What is the importance of statistical analyses?

	a. They can reveal whether or not the data have been fabricated.
	b. They can only be used to support the hypothesis.
	c. They can be used to determine whether any observed differences between two groups are real or a result of chance.
	d. all of the above
	e. b and c

9.

You conduct a clinical trial to test whether a new drug relieves the symptoms of arthritis better than a placebo. You have four groups of participants, all of whom have mildly painful arthritis (rated 7 on a scale of 1 to 10). Each group receives a daily pill as follows: control (group 1)—placebo; group 2—15 mg; group 3—25 mg; group 4—50 mg. At the end of 2 weeks, participants in each group are asked to rate their pain on a scale of 1 to 10.

What is your next step?

	a. Invest in the drug company.
	b. Conclude that the drug relieves arthritis pain.
	c. Run a statistical analysis to determine if the differences are significant.
	d. Conclude that the drug doesn't work very well.
	e. a and b

10.

You hear a news report about a new asthma treatment. What would you want to know before you asked your doctor if this treatment was right for you?

	a. Was the drug tested in a randomized clinical trial?
	b. How many participants were in the trial?
	c. Was there a statistically significant difference between the effect of the new drug and the treatment used in the control group?
	d. In what populations were the clinical trials conducted?
	e. all of the above

11.

You are listening to a news report that claims a new study has found convincing evidence that a particular weight-loss product is much more effective than diet and exercise. Which of the following constitutes "convincing" evidence in this case?

	a. The study has a hypothesis.
	b. Statistical tests showed significantly more weight loss in the participants who used the weight-loss product than those who relied on diet and exercise.
	c. All the participants lost at least 10 pounds.
	d. Only the participants who used the weight-loss product lost weight.
	e. The participants who used the weight-loss product lost an average of 3 pounds, while the participants who used diet and exercise lost an average of 2 pounds.

12.

How can two different studies investigating the same thing (e.g., the relationship, if any, between caffeinated coffee and memory) come to different conclusions?

	a. They may have had different sample sizes.
	b. They may have used different types of participants (e.g., participants of different ages or professions).
	c. They may have used different amounts of caffeine.
	d. They may have evaluated memory differently (e.g., long-term vs. short-term memory).
	e. all of the above

13.

A close friend has joined a clinical trial. When you ask her about the types of treatment she might be given, she tells you it will be randomly assigned and that neither she nor the doctor running the trial will know until the process has been completed. What type of trial has she joined?

	a. peer reviewed
	b. randomized
	c. epidemiological
	d. unsafe
	e. theoretical

14.

Can an epidemiologist who finds a correlation between the use of tanning beds and melanoma (an aggressive form of skin cancer) in college-age women conclude that tanning beds cause skin cancer?

a. Yes, as long as the correlation was statistically significant.

b. Yes, but only for college-age women.

c. Yes, but only melanoma skin cancer, not other forms of skin cancer.

d. No, the correlation would have to hold with males and females and in different age groups.

e. No, correlation is not proof of causation.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

t subatomic particles make up the nucleus of an atom, and which particles surround the nucleus?

a. within the nucleus – protons; surround the nucleus – electronsb. within the nucleus – neutrons; surround the nucleus – protonsc. within the nucleus – electrons; surround the nucleus – neutronsd. within the nucleus – neutrons, and electrons; surround the nucleus – neutronse. within the nucleus – protons and neutrons; surround the nucleus – electrons

	a. within the nucleus – protons; surround the nucleus – electrons
	b. within the nucleus – neutrons; surround the nucleus – protons
	c. within the nucleus – electrons; surround the nucleus – neutrons
	d. within the nucleus – neutrons, and electrons; surround the nucleus – neutrons
	e. within the nucleus – protons and neutrons; surround the nucleus – electrons

2.

When an atom loses an electron, what happens?

	a. It becomes positively charged.
	b. It becomes negatively charged.
	c. It becomes neutral.
	d. Nothing happens.
	e. Atoms cannot lose an electron because atoms have a defined number of electrons.

3.

Glucose (a monosaccharide) has the molecular formula C₆H₁₂O₆. How many carbon atoms are in each glucose molecule?

	a. 1
	b. 3
	c. 5
	d. 4
	e. 6

4.

Why are lipids unique when compared to the other macromolecule groups?

	a. Lipids do not contain monomers, which repeat to make polymers.
	b. Lipids are hydrophilic.
	c. Lipids are comprised of compounds, which are not structurally similar.
	d. a and c
	e. a, b, and c

5.

A cell is unable to take up or make sugars. Which molecule(s) will it be unable to make?

	a. carbohydrates
	b. proteins
	c. lipids
	d. nucleic acids
	e. a and d

6.

Which of the following is not a generally recognized characteristic of most (if not all) living organisms?

	a. the ability to reproduce
	b. the ability to maintain homeostasis
	c. the ability to obtain energy directly from sunlight
	d. the ability to sense and respond to the environment
	e. the ability to grow

7.

What are the four types of organic molecules that make up all living things on Earth?

	a. carbohydrates, lipids, fats, nucleic acids
	b. carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur
	c. atoms, elements, matter, carbon
	d. lipids, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, proteins
	e. carbohydrates, proteins, sugars, lipids

8.

What does it mean to say a macromolecule is a polymer? Give an example.

Font Family

Font Size

9.

Humans' ability to shiver is an attempt to increase the body's internal temperature and maintain _______.

	a. stimuli
	b. carbon dioxide
	c. energy
	d. growth
	e. homeostasis

10.

Which of the characteristics of life does a virus display, even though its characterization as being alive is controversial?

	a. the ability to reproduce
	b. the ability to maintain homeostasis
	c. the ability to grow
	d. a and c
	e. a, b, and c

11.

Which of the following gives researchers hope that life may exist on Mars?

	a. Life on Earth survives in extreme conditions.
	b. Life on Earth adapted to extreme conditions.
	c. Life on Earth uses macromolecules manipulations to survive in unique environments.
	d. Versions of life may come in a form that does not contain all the hallmarks of life, such as viruses.
	e. all of the above

12.

The basic building blocks of life are _______.

	a. DNA molecules
	b. cells
	c. proteins
	d. phospholipids
	e. inorganic molecules

13.

The cell membrane is made of _______.

	a. water
	b. proteins
	c. phospholipids
	d. nucleotides
	e. b and c

14.

Which of the following statements about carbon is FALSE?

	a. Carbon can bond with up to four elements at one time.
	b. Covalent bonds allow carbon to share electrons with other elements
	c. Carbon is an important element in organic molecules.
	d. Carbon can form inorganic molecules.
	e. If a soil sample contains carbon, it must contain life.

15.

Which part of the cell membrane acts as a barrier to hydrophilic molecules entering the cell?

	a. hydrophilic heads
	b. hydrophilic tails
	c. hydrophobic heads
	d. hydrophobic tails
	e. Lipids are hydrophobic only, so it must be the whole molecule.

16.

Olive oil is _______________ because _____________________.

	a. hydrophobic; it does not interact with water
	b. hydrophilic; it interacts with water
	c. hydrophobic; it interacts with water
	d. hydrophilic; it does not interact with water
	e. both hydrophilic and hydrophobic; it interacts with water and oil

17.

The "stickiness" of water results from the ______________ bonding of water molecules.

	a. hydrogen
	b. ionic
	c. covalent
	d. acidic
	e. hydrophobic

18.

Coffee or tea with sugar dissolved in it is an example of a water-based solution. Coffee in this case is the __________________, sugar is the _________________, and this means that the sugar molecules must be __________________.

	a. solvent; solute; hydrophobic
	b. solute; solvent; hydrophobic
	c. solvent; solute; hydrophilic
	d. solute; solvent; hydrophilic
	e. solution; solute; hydrophilic

19.

As an acidic compound dissolves in water, the pH of the water _______.

	a. increases
	b. remains neutral
	c. decreases
	d. does not change
	e. becomes basic

20.

The bond between the oxygen atom and a hydrogen atom in a water molecule is a(n) ___________ bond.

	a. covalent
	b. hydrogen
	c. ionic
	d. hydrophobic
	e. noncovalent

21.

In terms of bond strength, which of the following is the weakest?

	a. covalent
	b. hydrogen
	c. ionic
	d. a and b
	e. Bonds cannot be strong or weak.

22.

Which of the following are most likely to dissolve in olive oil?

a. a polar molecule

b. a nonpolar molecule

c. a hydrophilic molecule

d. a and c

e. b and c

--------------------------------------------------------------------------

A macronutrient is a nutrient _______.

	that is stored in large amounts in the body
	that is required in large amounts
	with a large molecular weight
	that is abundant in the diet
	that the body makes in large quantities

2.

What subunits are proteins broken down into during digestion?

	amino acids
	glycerol
	simple sugars
	fatty acids
	nucleotides

3.

Where (or how) do we obtain essential amino acids?

	from protein in our diet
	from carbohydrates in our diet
	from bright orange fruits and vegetables
	by synthesizing them from other amino acids
	from oils in our diet

4.

Why must essential amino acids be consumed in our diet?

	Our body cannot manufacture them.
	They help the body store energy in the form of fat.
	Our body needs essential amino acids to build simple sugars.
	They make food more palatable to consumers.
	They help digest and break down proteinrich foods.

5.

Which component of the ready-to-use-therapeutic food (RUTF) that Dr. Manary uses provides essential amino acids?

	milk powder
	vegetable oil
	None of the answers are correct.
	powered vitamins and minerals
	peanut butter

6.

The substrate of an enzyme is __________.

	one of the amino acids that makes up the enzyme
	the molecule(s) released at the end of an enzyme-facilitated reaction
	an organic accessory molecule
	what the enzyme acts on
	the shape of the enzyme

7.

Enzymes speed up chemical reactions by __________.

	forming bonds
	increasing the activation energy
	decreasing the activation energy
	releasing energy
	maintaining the activation energy

8.

A _______ reaction creates bonds between substrate units; a _______ reaction breaks down bonds between substrate units.

	anabolic; catabolic
	anabolic; enzymatic
	catabolic; enzymatic
	catabolic; anabolic
	analog; monologue

9.

Which of the following are signs of malnutrition?

	wasting muscle and small arms
	weakened immune system
	fluid buildup in the legs and feet
	All of the answers are correct.
	slowed growth and development

10.

Consuming excess amounts of the water-soluble vitamin C can lead to _______.

It is not possible to consume excess amounts of vitamin C.

anemia

osteoporosis

scurvy

kidney damage

--------------------------------------------

1.

A macronutrient is a nutrient _______.

	a. with a large molecular weight
	b. that is abundant in the diet
	c. that is required in large amounts
	d. that is stored in large amounts in the body
	e. that the body makes in large quantities

2.

Which of the following is a(are) macronutrient(s)?

	a. protein
	b. fats
	c. vitamin C
	d. a and b
	e. all of the above

3.

A multivitamin supplement is a(n) ___________ supplement.

	a. macronutrient
	b. micronutrient
	c. mineral
	d. enzyme
	e. a and b

4.

Which of the following foods is a rich source of protein?

	a. lean meat, such as chicken breast
	b. whole grains (e.g., whole wheat bread)
	c. olive oil
	d. leafy greens
	e. berries (e.g., blueberries and raspberries)

5.

To repair a cell membrane, which macronutrient would supply the needed building blocks?

	a. protein
	b. carbohydrates
	c. fats
	d. nucleic acids
	e. amino acids

6.

What subunits are proteins broken down into during digestion?

	a. fatty acids
	b. amino acids
	c. glycerol
	d. nucleotides
	e. simple sugars

7.

Where (or how) do we obtain essential amino acids?

	a. from carbohydrates in our diet
	b. by synthesizing them from other amino acids
	c. from oils in our diet
	d. from bright orange fruits and vegetables
	e. from protein in our diet

8.

Why must essential amino acids be consumed in our diet?

	a. They make food more palatable to consumers.
	b. Our body cannot manufacture them from other amino acids.
	c. They help the body store energy in the form of fat.
	d. Our body needs essential amino acids to build simple sugars.
	e. They help digest and break down protein-rich foods.

9.

Our bodies cannot synthesize vitamin C, but require it. Therefore, vitamin C is a(an) _______.

	a. essential micronutrient
	b. essential mineral
	c. essential macronutrient
	d. nonessential vitamin
	e. nonessential amino acid

10.

Which component of peanut butter RUTF supplies essential amino acids?

	a. milk powder
	b. peanut butter
	c. powered vitamins and minerals
	d. vegetable oil
	e. b and d

11.

Use the following information to answer this question:

Corn lacks the essential amino acids isoleucine and lysine. Beans lack the essential amino acids tryptophan and methionine. Soy contains all the essential amino acids.

You can survive on a diet with corn-based proteins alone.

	a. True
	b. False

12.

Use the following information to answer this question:

Corn lacks the essential amino acids isoleucine and lysine. Beans lack the essential amino acids tryptophan and methionine. Soy contains all the essential amino acids.

Why do many traditional diets combine corn (e.g., tortillas) with beans?

	a. to provide additional micronutrients
	b. to provide all the essential fats
	c. to provide all the essential amino acids
	d. to act as a multivitamin
	e. All of the above are reasons.

13.

The substrate of an enzyme is __________.

	a. an organic accessory molecule
	b. the molecule(s) released at the end of an enzyme-facilitated reaction
	c. the shape of the enzyme
	d. one of the amino acids that makes up the enzyme
	e. what the enzyme acts on

14.

Which of the following statements regarding cofactors and coenzymes is FALSE?

	a. Cofactors and coenzymes are micronutrients in the diet.
	b. Cofactors and coenzymes attach to the active site of enzymes.
	c. Cofactors and coenzymes are “helper” molecules for enzymes.
	d. Cofactors and coenzymes can replace enzymes in cells.
	e. Cofactors and coenzymes include both minerals and vitamins.

15.

Enzymes speed up chemical reactions by __________.

	a. increasing the activation energy.
	b. decreasing the activation energy.
	c. breaking bonds.
	d. forming bonds.
	e. releasing energy.

16.

A _______ reaction creates bonds between substrate units; a _______ reaction breaks down bonds between substrate units.

	a. anabolic; enzymatic
	b. analog; monologue
	c. catabolic; anabolic
	d. catabolic; enzymatic
	e. anabolic; catabolic

17.

If the shape of an enzyme's active site were to change, what would happen to the reaction that the enzyme usually conducts?

	a. The conversion of substrate to products could increase.
	b. The conversion of substrate to products could decrease.
	c. The enzyme could no longer be able to bind to its substrate efficiently.
	d. a and c
	e. a, b and c

18.

You have identified an enzyme that breaks down a storage form of sugar in plants (starch) into simple sugars. How would this enzyme react with a storage form of sugar (glycogen) in humans?

	a. Since enzymes are extremely specific, the plant enzyme's active site may not bind to glycogen as a substrate.
	b. The plant enzyme's active site would bind to glycogen and break it down into simple sugars.
	c. The specificity of the plant enzyme is not dictated by the active site, so it would recognize both substrates.
	d. Plant enzymes are grouped by the macromolecule family they work on, and can therefore catalyze a reaction with any substrate in that macromolecule family.
	e. Enzymes cannot conduct catabolic reactions such as this one.

19.

Which of the following are signs of malnutrition?

	a. wasting muscle and small arms
	b. fluid buildup in the legs and feet
	c. slowed growth and development
	d. weakened immune system
	e. all of the above

20.

What ingredients in RUTF peanut paste specifically help bone growth?

	a. calcium
	b. vitamin D
	c. vitamin C
	d. all of the above
	e. a and b

21.

Consuming excess amounts of the water-soluble vitamin C can lead to _______.

	a. scurvy
	b. osteoporosis
	c. kidney damage
	d. anemia
	e. It is not possible to consume excess amounts of vitamin C. ---------------------------------------------------------------

Answer 1

2. B when it can be tested and refutable

3. E developing question based on an observation or an scientific theories.

4. C all groups, because the perception towards anything can influence its affects

5. D caffeine - independent variable because it stimulate the memory power,

Memory - dependent variable because stimulated by caffeine

6. A the Drug itself

7. C the clinical trial can give the better perspective of any hypothesis

8. B they can be used to determine whether any observed differences between two groups are real or a result of chance  

9. E conclude that the drug relieve the pain

10. B all of the above

11. E statistical studies showed significantly more weight loss in the participants who used the weight loss product than those who relied on diet and exercise.

12. D all of the above

13. A unsafe

2. A positively charged

3. E number of C-atoms is 6