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What ligand initiates the G-Protein Pathway?

What ligand initiates the G-Protein Pathway?
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G proteins are an essential part of the GPCR(G protein coupled receptor) pathway. They are trimeric in nature consisting of G alpha, G beta and G gamma subunit bound with GDP in inactive state. On binding of ligand like peptide hormones, rhodopsin, growth factors etc there occurs a conformational change in the seven transmembrane GPCR that spans the membrane. Due to this GDP of G protein is exchanged gor GTP and G alpha subunitbound with GTP dissociates from G beta and G gamma subunit and further carries out other downstream processing. On activation G protein interacts withadenyl cyclase that forms cAMP from ATP and further phosphorylates protein kinase A or pKA that carries out necessary activity.

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