Question

1. Check your overall understanding of cellular respiration by matching each of the phrases below with one of the three stages of the process. Use G for Glycolysis, C for Citric Acid Cycle, and OP for Oxidative Phosphorylation.

_____ 1. Generates most of the ATP formed by cellular respiration.

_____ 2. Begins the oxidation of glucose

_____ 3. Occurs outside the mitochondrion

_____ 4. Produces 4 ATP/ glucose, but 2 ATP/ glucose used to get it started

_____ 5. Oxidizes NADH and FADH₂, producing NAD⁺ and FAD

_____ 6. Carried out by enzymes in matrix of the mitochondrion

_____ 7. Here electrons and hydrogen combine with O₂ to form H₂O

_____ 8. Occurs along the inner mitochondrial membrane

_____ 9. Generates most of the CO₂ produced by cellular respiration

_____ 10. FADH₂ and NADH deliver hydrogen ions and electrons to this stage

_____ 11. ATP synthase makes ATP

Answer 1

1)Most of the ATP is formed during the Oxidative Phosphorylation (OP).The NADH and FADH synthesised during the Kreb Cycle undergoes electron transport chain and are oxidised to NAD+ and FAD+.The  electron are ultimately transferred to oxygen forming water molecule. The protons are accumulated in the intermembrane space generating an proton gradient which is sufficient to phosphorylate ADP to ATP.

2)The oxidation of glucose starts with the glycolysis (G).The oxidation of glucose primarily starts from the glycolysis. This process takes place in the cytoplasm and does not require oxygen.The final product of glycolysis is puruvate. The rate limiting reaction step is through the Phosphofructokinase enxyme. Other regulation takes place through the hexokinase and pyruvate kinase enzymes.

3)The process takes place outside of the mitochondria in the cytoplasm is glycolysis.(G)The glycolysis pathway is also called as Embden Meyerhof Parnas Pathway.The pyruvate formed here can undergo lactate fermentation, ethanol fermentation under anaerobic condition or enter the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation in aerobic condition.

4)The process that utilises the two ATP in the glycolysis are:(G)

glucose is converted to glucose 6 phosphate and then fructose 6 phosphate is converted into fructose 1,6 bisphosphate.The ATP are being formed when the 1,3 bisphosphoglyceric acid is converted into 3 phosphoglyceric acid and phosphoenol pyruvate is converted into pyruvate. In these steps the cycle run twice as the 6 carbon molecule is splitted into two 3 carbon molecules. So the net gain of 2 ATP in glycolysis.

Please ask the other separately.