Question

Briefly describe how tumor cells evade the immune system? What are some strategies for enhancing host immune responses to tumor antigens?

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Answer 1

Tumors can evade immune surveillance by crippling CTL functionality via production of several immune suppressive cytokines, either by the cancer cells or by the non-cancerous cells present in the tumor microenvironment, especially including immune cells and epithelial cells.

Immunotherapy of tumors has developed several techniques: immune cell transfer, vaccines, immunobiological molecules such as monoclonal antibodies that improve the immune responses to tumors. This can be achieved by blocking pathways limiting the immune response, such as CTLA-4 or Tregs.Strategies to address the lack of T-cell priming and induce tumour-specific immune responses include vaccines and adoptive cell transfer (ACT). These strategies require the identification of appropriate tumour antigens and adjuvants to provide co-stimulation that ensures robust responses are induced.