Question

1. When estimating the C-value of an organism, which of the following would not be considered?
   1. The non-coding regions of the genome
   2. The mitochondrial genome
   3. The coding regions of the genome
   4. The size of the entire haploid genome is estimated for C-value
2. When estimating the G-value of an organism, which of the following would not be considered?
   1. Mitochondrial genes
   2. Protein coding regions of the genome
   3. The size of the entire haploid genome is estimated for G-value
   4. Non-coding parts of the genome
3. A euglena is a single celled eukaryote that is much less complex than an owlfly. Based on this information it would be safe to estimate that the euglena has a smaller genome than the owlfly.
   1. True
   2. False
4. Which of the following is not one of the steps when performing “shotgun sequencing” of a genome?
   1. Obtain many copies of the genome to be sequenced.
   2. Break the genome into small, sections that can be more easily sequenced.
   3. Identify conserved haplotype blocks to serve as assembly anchors.
   4. Assemble individual sequences by matching small areas of overlap.
5. What would be the most likely result if you measured the synteny of two closely related species of rodents?
   1. There would be 100% identity in gene order between these two species.
   2. The order of genes in these two species would be somewhat similar, but you would most likely find several instances of mutations that rearranged the genome.
   3. The percentage of guanines (G) and cytosines (S) in their genome would be drastically different.
   4. They would most likely have comparable percentages of guanines and cytosines in their genome.
6. The number of proteins coding sequences (G-value) is not predictive of morphological complexity among eukaryotic organisms. Which of the following is not an explanation for this?
   1. Transposons can greatly increase morphological complexity of the organisms in which they are found.
   2. Some genes can be spliced together in multiple ways to give many final products from a single protein coding sequence.
   3. The complexity of gene interactions (networks) can increase morphological complexity without significantly raising the number of protein coding sequences.
   4. Non-coding DNA can also play a role in determining the complexity of an organism.
7. What are the two reasons why viruses have such small genomes. (Select both correct options)
   1. Viruses have fewer genes than living organisms.
   2. Increased selection for multiple chromosomes in viruses.
   3. Viruses utilize a variety of genetic material for their genome.
   4. Viruses have very little non-coding DNA.
8. The genoems of __________ are most similar to those of the first living organisms on earth.
   1. Mammals
   2. Bacteria
   3. Viruses
   4. Frogs
9. Why are viral genomes so small?
   1. Because they are made up of many different types of nucleic acids.
   2. Because they have fewer types of codons.
   3. Because they have adapted to a strategy of very efficient replication.
   4. Because they are only composed of 50% non-coding DNA.

Answer 1

1. Option B, mitochondrial dna, as the non coding region is major part of DNA and have vatious function so it is considered for c value but mtDNA is not considered in genome

2. Option D, non coding part, the G value considered the coding region means synthesized protein whereas C value consider non coding

3. False, because there is no particular evidence or information about relation between genome size and complexity of organism

4. Option C, Identify conserved haplotype blocks to serve as assembly anchors.

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