Question

Immunity’s Early-Warning System. Scientific American, January 2005. For the following questions, please provide a general answer and a specific example – when possible.

Article Link : file:///Users/lauraheredia/Downloads/innate%20immuntiy%20article%20(3).pdf

How can exposure to LPS lead to septic shock? What is a situation in which one would be exposed to LPS?

In what organism were Toll proteins first discovered?

What happens when a bacteria binds a TLR, for example, LPS binding to TLR-4? How is the signal transmitted from the receptor to the cell, and in general what does it tell the cell to do?

Which TLR is a current target for improving the effectiveness of vaccines, ie. To act as an adjuvant?

Answer 1

1. Septic shock is a systemic response to severe bacterial infection. LPS can induce massive production of cytokines, such as TNF-α and IL-6, by immune and nonimmune cells, thereby leading to inflammatory tissue injuries and finally multiorgan failure, the clinical hallmarks of septic shock.

2. Drosophila melanogaster

3. LPS stimulation induces a series of interactions with several accessory proteins which form the TLR4 complex on the cell surface. LPS recognition is initiated by an LPS binding to an LBP protein. This LPS-LBP complex transfers the LPS to CD14.  LPS binding promotes the dimerization of TLR4/MD-2. it tells cells to defence against infection.

4. TLR2

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