Question

1. When muscle cells decrease cells decrease in size due to nutritional deficiency, this adaptation is called _______ and is made possible via an important subcellular adaptation called ______ (Fill in the blank)

a. Hypertrophy; mitochondrial swelling

b. Atrophy; apoptosis

c. Anaplasia; necrosis

d. Metaplasia; ER swelling

e. None of the above

2.

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is a metabolic Disorder characterized by a variety of cell/molecular events including (Choose all that apply):

a. Pro-inflamatory signaling

b. Increased Akt signaling

c. Reduced GLUT4 presence on muscle cell membranes

d. Beta cell expansion

e. Beta cell apoptosis

f. Reduced hemoglobin glycation

g. Activation of GSK3 activity

h. Reduced insulin secretion

i. Increased glycogenolysis

j. Reduced gluconeogenesis

Answer 1

Ans..1....b...atrophy,apoptosis

When muscle cell decrease in cell size due to nutrition deficiency it is called atrophy of the muscle.

Apoptosis is the programmed cell death which is an adaptation in nutritional deficiency which causes atrophy.

Ans...2...in diabetes mellitus 2

Pro inflammatory signalling occur as it is a stress kind of condition in body

Increased akt signalling...in diabetes akt signalling is abrupt that is it may either increase or decrease

Reduced hemoglobin glycation because uptake of glucose decrease

Activation of GSK 3 activity . GSK 3 is glycogen synthase kinase 3 whose activity increases in diabetes

Insulin secretion decreases in type 1 but not in type 2

Glycogenolysis decreases in diabtetes

Reduced gluconeogenesis occur in diabetes