1. Population outbreaks refuse the resources availability and also reduce the population of competing species. The interactions are often affected by the land ape of heterogeneity. The resources present in heterogeneous habitats offer to maintain populations which are of low density of the closely related species. Eg. In New Zealand the establishment of marine reserves increase in the lobster and predatory population of fish, which results in the substantial recovery of kelp in the MPA compared to that in unregulated areas.
The phenomenon by which populations rise and fall over a noticable peroid of time is called population cycle. Eg. The populations of the snowshoe hare in the North America is one of the best example of population cycle is the lemming.
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