Question

. Explain how the G1 Checkpoint in response to DNA damage works. Draw a diagram that...

. Explain how the G1 Checkpoint in response to DNA damage works. Draw a diagram that indicates the proteins involved in this checkpoint and explain their roles in this process. Be sure to include all steps from the DNA damage to the arrest of the cell cycle.

Please draw and label the diagram

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Answer #1

Any damage to DNA at G1 phase of cell cycle is sensed by two kinases, ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) mutated (ATM) kinase and AT and Rad3-related (ATR) kinase. These two kinases, in turn, activates (via phosphorylation) many target proteins. Two such targets are checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1) and Chk2 which, upon activation, activates p53 via phosphorylation. P53 promotes expression of p21 which arrests cell cycle (at G1 phase) by inhibiting cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK4/6) required for cell cycle progression.

This cell cycle arrest allows DNA repair to happen. If the damage is irreparable, p53 will induce either senescence or cell death.

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