Question

A daughter goes to visit her elderly mother, who lives alone. The mother wants to remain as independent as possible, but her ability to prepare meals has recently declined. As a result, her nutritional status and health have declined. When the daughter arrives at her mother's house, she finds her mother still in bed and incoherent, clammy, and hot to the touch. She calls 911, and her mother is rushed to the emergency department (ED). In the ED, her mother is found to have a fever, and she is unable to answer questions about how she has been feeling lately. The care team consults with the daughter about ordering laboratory analysis, and she gives her consent for the blood draw. Additionally, the daughter consents to the placement of a urinary catheter because the mother is not able to collect a urine specimen independently.

1) What do these laboratory findings suggest? And Explain

A. Urinary tract infection and diabetic ketoacidosis

B. Urinary tract infection and sepsis

C. Urinary tract infection and heatstroke

D. Urinary tract infection and bowel obstruction

2) Which of the following factors most likely affected the patient's immune response and contributed to the development of sepsis? And Explain

A. The patient’s age

B. The route of infection

C. The patient’s nutritional status

3) E coli is a gram-negative bacterium that can enter the urinary tract by attaching to the epithelial cells lining the urethra. Neutrophils are early and abundant cells that migrate to infected areas, such as the urinary system. Neutrophils are very efficient at phagocytizing bacteria. This is part of the innate immune response. Which types of molecules that recognize the bacteria are part of the innate immune response? And Explain

A. Toll-like receptors (TLRs)

B. Class II MHC molecules

Answer 1

Answer:

1. A) Urinary tract infection and diabetic ketoacidosis: it implies the presence of harmful bactria and toxins in the tissues and the blood glucose levels are too high for too long. it is a lethal condition. these are increased because dietary supplement is not sufficient for her from many days.

2. C) Nutritional status: In this case, there is obviously imbalance between the sugar levels and depletion in immmune response is for a period of time. so it will be the major reason for affected immune system.

3. A) Toll-like receptor (TLRs): In mammals Toll-like receptor 4, or TLR-4 associates with CD4 cells will siganls/ recognizes the antiges (bacteria).