Question

Please write im detail please !

What are some post translational modifications that govern Gene expression and Cell signaling.

Give several examples of the role ubiquitination plays in the same.

Answer 1

Post-translational modifications play an important role in the regulation of gene expression. Once the protein is synthesized by ribosomes via translation process, it's activity can be regulated by multiple mechanisms such as post-translational modifications, protein-protein interactions, and regulation of localization.

Post-translational modifications:

i. Phosphorylation

ii. Acetylation

iii. Ubiquitylation

iv. Sumoylation

v. Proteolytic cleavage

vi. Formylation

vii. Carbonylation

viii. Lipidation

ix. Glycosylation

x. Methylation

xi. Neddylation

xii. Pupylation

xiii. Sulfonation

xiv. Nitrosylation

xv. Hydroxylation

Examples:

i. Phosphorylation of PKA activates it and mediates the downstream signaling events

ii. Ubiquitination of many proteins targets them for proteolytic degradation