Question

Read each question carefully. Write your response in the space provided for each part of each question. Answers must be written out in paragraph form. Outlines, bulleted lists, or diagrams alone are not acceptable and will not be scored.

Atherosclerosis is a disease that results when certain cells and proteins of an individual’s body adhere to and damage blood vessels, especially those around the heart. Researchers continue to look for improved ways to treat individuals with the disease. Data obtained from earlier experiments suggested that it might be possible to reduce damage to the blood vessels by increasing the expression of FXR1FXR1, an RNARNA-binding protein in the muscle cells that form the outer surface of the blood vessels. Additional data suggested that IL-19IL-19, a protein secreted by certain white blood cells, might regulate expression of the FXR1FXR1 gene.

To investigate the regulation of the FXR1FXR1 gene by IL-19IL-19, a researcher added IL-19IL-19 to vessel-lining muscle cells growing in the lab. The researcher measured the amount of FXR1FXR1 protein produced by the cells over a period of 4848 hours in the presence of IL-19IL-19. The researcher then calculated the relative amount of FXR1FXR1 present at each time point compared with the amount of FXR1FXR1 at Time 00, when IL-19IL-19 was first added to the cells. Data from three replicate experiments are shown in Table 11.

TABLE 1. RELATIVE AMOUNT OF FXR1FXR1 PRODUCED BY CELLSIN RESPONSE TO IL-19IL-19

Time in the Presence of IL-19IL-19 (h)	Relative Amount of FXR1FXR1 Protein ±2SEx¯±2SEx¯
00	0.98±0.0700.98⁢±⁢0.070
44	1.70±0.2201.70⁢±⁢0.220
88	1.60±0.2751.60⁢±⁢0.275
1616	3.10±0.8003.10⁢±⁢0.800
2424	2.15±0.4052.15⁢±⁢0.405
4848	1.60±0.5201.60⁢±⁢0.520

(a) Describe how amino acids are categorized by their chemical properties. Explain how a change in the amino acid sequence of the FXR1FXR1 protein could decrease the ability of the protein to bind to RNARNA.

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Question 2

(b) Using the template in the space provided for your response, construct an appropriately labeled graph that represents the data shown in Table 11. Determine whether there is a statistical difference in the amount of FXR1FXR1 protein produced by the cells after 1616 and 2424 hours in the presence of IL-19IL-19.

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Question 3

(c) Based on the data for the 4848-hour period, describe the effect of IL-19IL-19 on FXR1FXR1 gene expression.

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Question 4

(d) The researcher hypothesizes that the FXR1FXR1 gene codes for a protein that binds to mRNAsmRNAs that encode some of the proteins that damage arteries. Individuals with a particular mutation of the FXR1FXR1 gene tend to have high levels of these proteins. Based on this information,predict how the FXR1FXR1 protein most likely interacts with the mRNAsmRNAs.

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Answer 1

1. The properties of amino acid is due to the presence of different side side that gives its characterstic to bind to various molecule/binding factor. The specificity of its binding lies in the primary sequence of amino acid. So, any change in the sequence of amino acid will hinder the binding to its respective binding factor. Thereby, even a single change in the amino acid sequence of the FXR1FXR1 protein could decrease the ability of the protein to bind to RNARNA.