Question

.

Resistance in the airways of the lungs decreases (

select all that apply

):

A.

In response to sympathetic ner

ve stimulation

B.

In response to paraympathetic nerve stimulation

C.

In response to a decrease in alveolar PCO2

D.

As the diameter of

the tubes decreases

E.

As the velocity of airflow increases

11.

Which of the following would be expected to

decrease the rate

of oxygen d

iffusion acr

o

ss the

alveol

a

r

-

capillary membrane of the lung (

select all that apply

)?

A.

A decrease in PO

2

difference between the

alveolus and the pulmonary capillary blood

B.

An increase in the surface are

a

of the alveolar

-

capillary membrane

C.

An increase in the t

hickness of the alveolar

-

capillary membrane

D.

A decease in oxygen solubility in the alveolar membrane

12.

Which of the following b

est represents the systemic arterial blood of an individual with anemia?

A.

Low PO

2

, low hemoglobin, low O

2

content

B.

Low PO

2

, low hemog

lobin, normal O

2

content

C.

Low PO

2

, normal hemoglobin, low O

2

content

D.

Low PO

2

, normal hemoglobin, normal O

2

content

E.

Normal PO

2

,

low hemoglobin, low O

2

content

F.

Normal PO

2

, low hemoglobin, normal O

2

content

G.

Normal PO

2

, normal hemoglobin, low O

2

content

H.

Normal

PO

2

, normal hemoglobin, normal O

2

content

13.

A decrease in blood pH will displace the hemoglobin dissociation curve to the:

A.

rig

ht and reduces oxygen carrying capacity

B.

right with no change in oxygen carrying capacity

C.

right with increases oxygen carrying capac

ity

D.

left and reduces oxygen carrying capacity

E.

left with no change in oxygen carrying capacity

F.

left with increases oxygen carr

ying capacity

14.

Normally, as the alveolar PO2 is increased from 110 to 950 mm Hg, the amount of oxygen dissolved

in plasma _________

_ and amount of associated with hemoglobin _________.

A.

Plasma increases; Hb increases

B.

Plasma increases; Hb remains ~constant

C.

P

lasma increases; Hb decreases

D.

Plasma remains constant; Hb increases

E.

Plasma remains constant; Hb remains

~

constant

F.

Plasma remains c

onstant; Hb decreases

15.

In emphysema, the alveoli break down and coalesce into large air spaces

and t

he lungs also lose

elasticity

. You would ex

pect a person with emphysema to have

(

select all that apply

)?

A.

increased

anatomical

dead air space.

B.

i

nc

reased

intrapl

eural pressure

.

C.

elevated P

CO2

in the blood.

D.

d

ecre

ased

P

CO2

in the blood.

E.

decreased

amount of

oxygen

diffusi

on

into the blood

F.

elevated

amount of

oxygen

diffusi

on

into the blood

G.

greater surface area for

external

respiration

H.

decreased surface area for external respiration

I.

greater surface area for

external

respiration

J.

decreased surface area for external respiration

K.

m

ore difficult to

inhale

L.

more difficult to exhale

16.

COVID

-

19 enters

body cells b

y

binding to ACE2 receptors.

You learned

about ACE

role in

controlling

blood

pressure, but ACE receptors are found through

-

out our body including the

nasal

c

avity,

mou

th and type

-

2

alveolar cells.

Invas

ion of vir

us leads

decreased

alveolar

-

type 2 cell

activity.

I

n a subset of

C

OVID

-

19

infect

ion the

vi

rus

causes

acute respiratory distress syndrome

(ARDS)

,

which i

s p

otentially fatal

.

In one small study, it was

demonstrated that 93% of the

patients that die

d

from

C

OVID

-

19

ha

d developed

ARDS.

Although COVID

-

1

9 does

not typic

al

ARDS.

In

traditional

ARDS, lung compliance is decreased

; while

lung compliance is high

with

COVID

-

1

9

.

Both

forms of

ARDS have

s

evere hypoxia

. Traditional ARDS

h

ypoxia may be

due to compl

iance issue,

COVID

-

19

may due to a ventilation

-

perfusion complication.

The

C

OVID

-

19

dam

a

ges

the

alveolar

walls

and

capillary endothelium

caus

ing

plasma proteins to leak into the

alveol

us

and

accumulated debris

in the

alveolus

. This

causes t

hi

ck

ening

of

the alveolar wal

ls.

P

redict

values for each of these factors:

a.

Blood

ox

ygen leve

ls:

decreased

normal elevated

b.

Minute venti

lation rate:

decreased

normal elevated

c.

Surfactant production:

decreased

normal elevated

d.

Alveoli

size

opening:

decreased

normal elevated

e.

Surface area for

external respiration

:

decreased

normal elevated

f.

Amount of gas

exchange

:

decreased

normal elevated

g.

L

ungs a

bility

to expand and recoil

:

decreased

normal elevated

Answer 1

13 A