Question

QUESTION 10

1. Which ONE of the following is NOT TRUE about protein kinases:

   		RAS, RAF, PKC, PI3K, CDK and MAPK are all examples of kinases
   		they add phosphate groups to either serine, threonine or tyrosine residues
   		their kinase activity is tightly regulated by regulatory domains or inhibitory proteins
   		they tend to be proto-oncogenes

2 points   

QUESTION 11

1. Which ONE of the following is NOT true about DNA viruses and cancer:

   		HPV E6, HPV E7 and SV40 large T antigen are all viral oncoproteins encoded by DNA viruses
   		they encode viral oncoproteins that bind RB
   		viral oncoproteins do not originate from host genes
   		they encode viral oncoproteins that bind MDM2

2 points   

QUESTION 12

1. Which ONE of the following is NOT TRUE about the JNK pathway:

   		Another name for the pathway is the stress activated pathway (SAPK)
   		JNK stands for Jun N-terminal kinase
   		It is activated by UV and osmolarity changes
   		it does not require scaffolding proteins for proper signaling
   		it is affected by phytochemicals such as resveratrol

2 points   

QUESTION 13

1. Which ONE of the following is NOT TRUE about the online resources The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and cBioPortal:

   		they can help researchers understand the molecular basis of cancer
   		they can help distinguish tumor subtypes for better diagnosis
   		they allow many scientists around the world to access the data and further cancer research
   		they can help the average person diagnose themselves in the comfort of their own home
   		they can help identify genomic characteristics of tumors to improve treatment

2 points   

QUESTION 14

1. Which ONE of the following statements is NOT TRUE about Ras signaling:

   		GEFs (guanine nucleotide exchange factors) convert inactive Ras to active Ras
   		Ras was identified in both the NIH 3T3 foci assay and as a viral oncogene
   		active Ras recruits Raf to the inner plasma membrane
   		~50% of Ras is bound to GTP in the active state in a normal cell
   		prenylation of its C-terminal tail is required for both wt and mutant Ras to be functional

2 points   

QUESTION 15

1. Which of the following is NOT TRUE about the Rb pathway:

   		Rb is a tumor suppressor originally identified in retinoblastomas
   		Alfred Knudson noted that retinoblastomas can occur in either an inherited or a sporadic fashion in the 1960s
   		RB was cloned in the 1980s, after p53 was identified
   		Only young children develop retinoblastomas
   		RB is phosphorylated by CDKs, preventing binding to E2F

2 points   

QUESTION 16

1. Which of the following is NOT TRUE about p53:

   		in tumors lacking RB, p53 expression is high
   		it was originally thought to be an oncogene
   		it was first identified as binding to the human papilloma virus E7 protein
   		it is the most commonly mutated gene in human cancer
   		it is considered to be guardian of the genome

2 points   

QUESTION 17

1. Which ONE of the following is TRUE about “knock-out” & “knock-down” technologies

   		A knock-out of a tumor suppressor gene can cause cancer, while a knock-down cannot
   		A knock-out is a physical modification to the genome, while a knock-down affects only gene expression
   		There is no difference, they are just two different ways to describe genetic manipulation of the genome
   		A knock-out of an oncogene can cause cancer, while a knock-down cannot
   		A knock-out can be reversed and controlled, while a knock-down is a permanent modification

2 points   

QUESTION 18

1. Which ONE of the following is NOT TRUE about BCR-ABL:

   		the fusion protein is oncogenic because BCR retains ABL in the cytoplasm where it phosphorylates new substrates
   		the translocation is caused by bimolane, a topoisomerase inhibitor, used as a medical treatment in China
   		ABL is a tyrosine kinase in the Src family
   		the translocated chromosome is referred to as the Philadelphia chromosome
   		it is a fusion protein created by a reciprocal translocation found in chronic myelogenous leukemia

2 points   

QUESTION 19

1. Which ONE of the following is NOT TRUE about PML-RAR:

   		the translocation is caused by ionizing irradiation and found in Hiroshima and Nagasaki victims
   		it is a fusion protein created by a reciprocal translocation found in acute promyelocytic leukemia
   		the fusion protein retains the ability of the retinoic acid receptor (RAR) to bind retinoic acid and DNA
   		PML contains zinc fingers and a coiled-coil domain, which are important for maintaining the structure of nuclear bodies

2 points   

QUESTION 20

1. The CRISPR-Cas9 is a genome editing system. It was first discovered as…

   		The defense mechanism in bacteria against bacteriophages
   		The defense mechanism in bacteria against humans
   		The defense mechanism in zebrafish against bacteria
   		The defense mechanism in bacteria against macrophages
   		The defense mechanism in zebrafish against sharks

Answer 1

10) protein kinases for enzymes that add phosphate groups to other substrates. These protein kinases takes place in phosphorylation and dephosphorylation reactions. Examples of protein kinases include PKC, PI3K, CDK, RAS, and MAPK. There are separate serine, tyrosine and histidine specific protein kinases. Their activity is tightly regulated by regulatory domains and inhibitory proteins. Usually they are not proto-oncogenes. So, the answer for this question is option 4.

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