Question

1. Which of the following is a trigger for the other actions described?
   1. Extracellular fluid volume is reduced.
   2. Solute concentration in the extracellular fluid rises above a set point.
   3. Posterior pituitary secretes ADH.
   4. Distal tubules of the nephrons and the collecting ducts become more permeable to water.
   5. A small amount of concentrated urine is excreted.
2. Nephritis will lead to
   1. kidney stones.
   2. bladder infections.
   3. kidney cysts.
   4. inflammation of the urethra.
   5. little or no filtering of the blood.
3. The exchange of substances across a membrane between chemically different solutions is
   1. dialysis.
   2. lithotripsy.
   3. osmosis.
   4. active transport.
   5. facilitated diffusion.

Answer 1

1) Reduction in extracellular fluid is a trigger for the other actions . When extracellular fluid reduces , blood pressure reduces which leads to secretion of renin and ultimately release of aldosterone and ADH hormone which affect  DCT and collecting duct and make it more permeable to water.

2) Nephritis leads to kidney damage which further damages glomerular structure which reduces glomerular blood flow which ultimately decrease urine output or little or no filtering of blood.

3) The exchange of substances across a membrane between chemically different solutions is dialysis.

Osmosis is the movement of water while facilitated diffusion and active transports are movement of ions , electrolytes from one side of the membrane to other side.

Lithotrypsi is the medical procedure used to break kidney stones with the help of shock waves.