Question

Give a short answers:

11) Describe and discuss cardiac pacemaker activity and function.

12) By means of short notes describe the causative factors in the generation of oedema.

13) Describe the mechanism of blood coagulation.

14) Give an illustrated account of how the heart acts as a pump.

15) Give an illustrated account of the major histological differences between the duodenum, jejunum and ileum. In your answer you should relate these histological/structural differences to function.

Answer 1

11. Pacemaker cells set the pace for blood pumping by creating rhythmic impulses and control the heart rate.

12. Twisted ankle, skin infection, low albumin, allergic reaction, congestive heart failure, kidney and liver disease may cause edema.

13. Blood coagulation mechanism involves activation, adhesion and aggregation of platelets and deposition and maturation of fibrin.

14. Right side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from veins and pump to lungs to get oxygenated. Left side of the heart receives oxygenated blood from lungs through arteries and pump to parts of body.