Question

1.)ATP is hydrolyzed when protein __________ transfer solutes from outside of the cell to the inside. This is a(n) _____________ transport process.

a) receptors; passive

b) pumps; active

c) cell-adhesion molecules; active

d) channels; active

e) cell-identity markers; passive

2.)A neurotransmitter (NT) is released into the synaptic cleft when _________ enters the synaptic knob and the N.T is broken down by __________ on the post-synaptic membrane.

a) calcium; hexokinase

b) potassium; voltage gates

c) calcium; an enzyme

d) sodium; an enzyme

e) none of the above

3.)Action potentials that carry deep tissue injury signals to the brain travel though the _______ pathway.

a) spinoreticular

b) reticulospinal

c) tectospinal

d) corticospinal

e) two of the above

Answer 1

1) b) Pumps, active

Explanation: Active transport process transfer the solute from low concentrated region to high concentrated region using energy from hydrolysis of ATP.

2. c) calcium, an enzyme

Explanation: When action potential reaches the axonic terminal, it opens the voltage gated caclium channels in the presynaptic membrane causing influx of Ca++ ion into the synaptic knob that in turn causes release of Neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft.

Neurotransmitter are degraded by the the enzymes present in the synapse.

3. a) Spinoreticular

Explanation: All other pathways are desceding pathways carrying the signals from brain to the spinal cord. Spinoreticular pathway is an ascedning tract carrying sensory signals of pain to the brain.