Question

1. pH? Definition. How to increase/decrease pH.
2. Different connective tissue layers of skeletal muscle
3. All contractile proteins in skeletal muscle
4. Hypertension? Definition and criterion
5. What are causes of muscle fatigue
6. Mechanism of controlling how to (increase/decrease) the heart rate
7. SV and CO
   1. General responses of SV and CO during exercise
   2. Differences between trained and untrained
8. (a-vO2 diff) during exercise
   1. General/normal responses
   2. Trained vs. untrained
9. what is the mechanism for the adjustment in blood flow during exercise

Answer 1

1. pH is defined as negative log of concentration of H+ ion.

pH = - Log [H+]

pH is increased by removal of H+ ions or addition of negative charged anions. pH is decreased by addition of H+ ions or removal of negative charged anions.

2. different connective tissue layer of a skeletal muscle:

- Epimysium: It covers the whole muscle

- Perimysium: It encloses the muscle fascicles

- Endomysium : It covers the muscle fibers.

3. Contractile proteins in the skeletal muscle are

- Actin

- Myosin

4. Hypertension is defined as elevated blood of more than 140/90 mmHg.

- elevated BP (prehypertension)120-129/<80 mm Hg;

hypertension stage 1 is 130-139 or 80-89 mm Hg,

hypertension stage 2 is ≥140 or ≥90 mm Hg.