Question

1) Trace a drop of blood from the renal artery to the renal vein. Name all the blood vessels.

2) How does filtrate form? What pressures are involved? What affect does each pressure have on formation? Trace a drop of filtrate from its formation to the point where it turns into urine. Explain ALL of the micro anatomy; and the physiology that occurs at each microanatomical structure along the way.

3) What would happen if HPg dropped by 16mm Hg?

4) Trace the drop of urine from Question #2, from the point it becomes urine to the point it is eliminated from the body. Name all of the structures and substructures in order.

5) What would happen if HPc were increased above normal?

6) Describe in detail the steps of the renin-angiotensin mechanism, the end products, and how they affect physiology.

7) What is the purpose of any buffer system? Which ones were mentioned in the lecture? How specifically does each work? Name all chemicals involved.

8) Name at least five common electrolytes and the fluid compartment in which they have the highest concentration.

9) A 55 year old male undergoes surgery for a cerebral tumor. About one month later, he visits his physician complaining about excessive thirst. He reports he’s been drinking about 20 liters of water daily and voiding almost continuously. A urine sample is collected. Its specific gravity is 1.0001. What is your diagnosis? What is causing the high urine output? What structures, both urinary system and non-urinary system, are involved in this process? What connection might exist between his surgery and his present problem?

10) Explain specific gravity. Why and how is that measurement used while evaluating urinary system function?

11) Explain mEq. Identify the most prevalent extracellular and intracellular cations and their normal ranges.

Answer 1