Question

Diagram (or obtain an unlabeled digital image of) the skull in the various orientations/views listed below. Complete the following tasks for Pre-Lab #3.

Label all of the components listed in Axial Skeleton Part A, the Skull. Feel free to color or be creative as well.

AXIAL SKELETON – PART A – THE SKULL –

Sutures

• coronal (frontal) suture
• sagittal suture
• squamous (temporal) suture
• lambdoidal suture

Orientations/views of the skull and observable structures:

Anterior view:

• Frontal bone
• Frontal sinus
• Superior orbital fissure
• Inferior orbital fissure
• Nasal bone
• Zygomatic bone
• Vomer
• Mental foramen
• Sphenoid bone
• Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone
• Infraorbital foramen
• Inferior nasal concha
• Middle nasal concha
• Maxilla
• Mandible
• Maxillary sinus
• Supraorbital foramen or notch (if it’s a hole, it’s a foramen; if not, it’s a notch)
• Zygomatic arc

Lateral view:

• Coronal suture
• Frontal bone
• Lacrimal bone
• Nasal bone
• Zygomatic bone
• Maxilla
• Mandible
• Parietal bone
• Lambdoidal suture
• Squamosal suture
• Temporal bone
• Occipital bone
• External auditory meatus
• Mastoid process
• Condyloid process
• Mandibular notch
• Coronoid process
• Angle of the mandible
• Mandibular ramus
• Ethmoid bone
• Sagittal suture
• Styloid process

Inferior view:

• Incisive foramen
• Maxilla
• Palatine bone
• Horizontal plate of the palatine bone
• Foramen ovale
• Carotid canal
• Jugular foramen
• Foramen magnum
• Superior nuchal line
• Inferior nuchal line
• External occipital protuberance
• Zygomatic bone
• Sphenoid bone
• Zygomatic arch
• Vomer
• Styloid process
• Mastoid process
• Temporal bone
• Occipital bone
• Occipital condyles
• Styloid process
• Pterygoid processes (plates)
• Foramen spinosum

Sagittal view:

• Frontal bone
• Frontal sinus
• Crista galli
• Cribriform plate
• Nasal bone
• Nasal concha
• Maxilla
• Mandible
• Parietal bone
• Occipital bone
• Internal auditory meatus
• Sella turcica
• Sphenoid sinus
• Styloid process
• Vomer
• Ethmoidal sinus or cells

Superior view of the cranial case (remove calvarium):

• Calvarium
• Frontal bone
• Cribriform plate
• Crista galli
• Olfactory foramina
• Optic foramen
• Foramen ovale
• Petrous portion of the temporal bone
• Temporal bone
• Foramen magnum
• Occipital bone
• Anterior cranial fossa
• Sphenoid bone - Greater and lesser wings (and as a separate sphenoid bone)
• Foramen rotundum
• Sella turcica (= a general area)
• Hypophyseal fossa (know this as
• part of the sella turcica; the depression)
• Foramen lacerum
• Foramen spinosum
• Middle cranial fossa
• Internal auditory meatus
• Jugular foramen
• Posterior cranial fossa
• Inferior orbital fissure

Orbits of the skull:

• Nasal bone
• Ethmoid bone
• Lacrimal bone
• Inferior nasal concha
• Middle nasal concha (is there a superior?)
• Vomer
• Frontal bone
• Superior orbital fissure
• Inferior orbital fissure
• Optic foramen
• Sphenoid bone
• Temporal bone
• Zygomatic bone
• Lacrimal foramen
• Lacrimal fossa
• Infraorbital foramen
• Maxilla

Other skull features (You may have already identified these in other views):

• calvarium
  • anterior, middle, and posterior cranial fossae—see skull with calvarium removed
  • zygomatic arch (= zygomatic process of temporal bone + temporal process of zygomatic bone)
• paranasal sinuses:
  • frontal sinus
  • sphenoid sinus
  • ethmoid sinus
  • maxillary sinus

Foramina of Skull: (You may have already identified these in the various views; this is just a separate list of them):

• Carotid foramen (this is a common one that students
• misspell. It is NOT coratid; if misspelled, miss
• entirely)
• jugular foramen
• optic foramen
• foramen lacerum
• foramen ovale
• lacrimal foramen
• foramen rotundum
• foramen magnum
• foramen spinosum
• mandibular foramen
• supraorbital foramen
• inferior orbital fissure
• mental foramen
• infraorbital foramen
• superior orbital fissure

Vertebrae:

• body
• transverse process
• pedicle
• lamina
• spinous process
• vertebral foramen
• intervertebral foramen
• superior articulating facets
• inferior articulating facets
• intervertebral disc – made of fibrocartilage (see the articulated spine or skeleton)

Vertebral types

• cervical vertebrae
  • including two specialized bones:
    • atlas (C1)
    • axis (C2) with dens (odontoid process)
  • transverse foramina
• thoracic vertebrae articulate with ribs so they have:
  • costal facets on transverse processes
  • costal facets (or demifacets) on body
• lumbar vertebrae
• sacrum
• coccyx

Thorax

• Hyoid (close to the thorax)
• ribs
• sternum
• manubrium
• body
• xiphoid process

Answer 1