Question

QUESTION 1

1. This source of Calcium ions provides 80-90% of the Ca++ needed for cardiac excitation contraction coupling:

	a.	the Nucleus
	b.	the Extracellular Fluid and the fluid inside T-tubules
	c.	the Mitochondria
	d.	the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

QUESTION 2

1. During Isovolumetric Contraction, which one of the following statements is FALSE

	a.	The ventricle is in SYSTOLE
	b.	The Left-AV valve is CLOSED
	c.	The Aortic Valve is CLOSED
	d.	The Ventricular Pressure is Increasing
	e.	The Ventricle is in DIASTOLE

QUESTION 3

1. Consider the following randomly-ordered events in the signal transduction sequence for Nitric Oxide affecting Vascular Smooth Muscle:

P. Smooth muscle relaxes causing increased blood flow

Q. GTP is converted to cGMP

R. Nitric oxide diffuses into from the tunica intima into the tunica media

S. NO binds to a heme group and Guanylyl Cyclase is activated

T. Nitric Oxide Synthetase (NOS) is activated by rise in intracellular Ca++ in the endothelium

U. K+ ion channels are phosphorylated

V. Protein Kinase G is activated

• WHAT is the CORRECT ORDER of events for this sequence?

	a.	T,S,R,Q,V,U,P
	b.	T,R,S,V,Q,P,U
	c.	T,R,S,Q,V,U,P
	d.	T,R,S,Q,U,V,P

QUESTION 4

1. During Ventricular Filling, which statement is TRUE?

	a.	Aortic Valve is Open
	b.	Left AV valve is closed
	c.	The pressure in the Left Atrium is less than the pressure in the Left Ventricle
	d.	The Ventricular volume is increasing from ESV to EDV
	e.	The Ventricular volume is increasing from EDV to ESV

QUESTION 5

1. If you felt an arterial pressure pulse at time 0 sec, and then felt the next arterial pressure pulse at time 1.0 second, what is the heart rate?

	a.	2 beats/sec, or 120 beats/min
	b.	1 beat/sec,  or 60 beats/min

QUESTION 6

1. Alpha adrenergic stimulation of skeletal muscle arterioles causes _________________.

Beta adrenergic stimulation of skeletal muscle cases _______________.

	a.	vasoconstriction, vasodilation
	b.	vasoconstriction, vasoconstriction
	c.	vasodilation, vasodilation

QUESTION 7

1. Increased arterial blood pressure sensed by the carotid sinus baroreceptors would

	a.	increase their discharge and cause a reflex inhibition of the sympathetic nervous system
	b.	decrease their discharge and cause a reflex inhibition of the parasympathetic nervous system

QUESTION 8

1. Jake has an EDV=135 ml, ESV=60 ml, a systolic blood pressure of 120 mmHg, and a diastolic blood pressure of 90 mmHg

Nathan has an EDV=150 ml, ESV=75 ml, a systolic blood pressure of 120 mmHg, and a diastolic blood pressure of 60 mmHg

Use the clinical approximation: Left Ventricular Work = (Stroke Volume) x (Mean Arterial Pressure)

Whose heart is doing more external work per beat?

	a.	Nathan's heart is doing more work per beat
	b.	Jake's heart is doing more work per beat
	c.	Jake's and Ethan's hearts are doing the same amount of work per beat

QUESTION 9

1. All four valves in the normal living human heart are NEVER all open AT THE SAME TIME

		TRUE
		FALSE

QUESTION 10

1. The ryanodine receptors (RyR2) in cardiac muscle are:

	a.	opened by Dihydropyridine Receptors
	b.	opened by Calcium Induced Calcium Release (CICR)
	c.	a voltage-gated Ca++ channel
	d.	all of the above are correct

QUESTION 11

1. If  excess fluid filtered from capillaries is not taken up as _____________ and returned to the venous blood circulation, it will accumulate in the tissues as ________________ which will _____________ the Interstitial Fluid Hydrostatic Pressure.

	a.	edema, lymph, decrease
	b.	lymph, edema, increase
	c.	lymph, edema, decrease
	d.	edema,  lymph, decrease

QUESTION 12

1. To alter heart function, “Extrinsic Control” uses ____________, while Intrinsic Control uses_________.

	a.	nervous system,        endocrine system
	b.	changes in EDV to adjust actin-myosin overlap,        neurohumoral agents to modify intracellular [Ca++]
	c.	Starling's Law,   Poiseuille's Law
	d.	neurohumoral agents to modify intracellular [Ca++],        changes in EDV to adjust actin-myosin overlap
	e.	changes in extracellular colloid osmotic pressure,   changes in intracellular colloid osmotic pressure

QUESTION 13

1. Almost all of the Ca++ ions needed to trigger Calcium Induced Calcium Release come into the myocardial cell during this phase of the Working Myocardial Cell Action Potential:

	a.	Phase 3 (delayed repolarization)
	b.	Phase 4 (Rest)
	c.	Phase 1 (rapid inactivation, partial repolarization)
	d.	Phase O (upstroke)
	e.	Phase 2 (plateau)

Answer 1

1. d) sarcoplasmic reticulum

explanation: It stores the calcium, releases it during muscle contraction.

2. e. The ventricle is in diastole

Explanation: In isovolumetric contraction, all the valves are closed, and the ventricular pressure gradually rises. The ventricles are in systole.

3. c) T,R,S,Q,V,U,P

4. C) The Ventricular volume is increasing from ESV to EDV

Explanation: during ventricular diastole, aortic vales are closed while Av valves are open allowing the entry of blood into the ventricles. this increases the volume of the ventricle fromESV to EDV.

5. b. 1 beat/sec,  or 60 beats/min