Question

1. Explain what is meant by “referred pain”.
2. Explain how the sympathetic system might affect respiration and heart rate.
3. Mark ate a very big meal in the evening. After the meal his wife would like him to share the clean-up, but Mark explains that he is “too tired” and promptly goes to sleep. What seems to be his problem?
4. Match the parasympathetic ganglion with the appropriate cranial nerve from the list.

Answer 1

1. Referred pain is the pain perceived at a location other than the painful stimulus or origin of pain. It is pain felt at a site distant from the site of origin. An example of referred pain is in case of myocardial infraction during which, there is pain felt in the neck, shoulders and back rather than in the chest which is the site of injury.

2. The sympathetic nervous system increases the rate of respiration. It also increases the heart rate by causing the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine.

3. After consuming a meal influences of the parasympathetic system dominates which leads to increase in digestive function. Parasympathetic action decreases cardiac and respiratory activity, which causes the individual to feel sleepy.

4. the list is not provided