Question

Mr. M. has had type 1 diabetes for 15 years. He has just been admitted to the hospital with severe pyelonephritis, a kidney infection.

1. Describe the pathophysiology of type 1 diabetes.

2. Explain why urinary tract infections are common in people with diabetes. Explain how acute renal failure could develop.

Mr. M. has had the infection for a week and has developed mild ketoacidosis because of the infection. Analysis of arterial blood gases indicates that his serum bicarbonate level is low, and his serum pH is just below normal range.

3. Explain why infection may lead to ketoacidosis.

4. Describe the characteristics of Mr. M.'s respirations that you would expect to observe while ketoacidosis is present. Include the rationale for your answer.

5. If Mr. M.'s serum pH continues to decrease below normal, how would that pH affect cell and organ function?

6. Mr. M. is voiding large volumes of urine (polyuria). Explain the reason for this reaction.

7. Describe three signs of excessive fluid loss.

8. Mr. M.'s vision has deteriorated in the past 3 years because of retinopathy. Explain how retinopathy impairs vision.

9. Describe two problems related to diabetes that Mr. M. might encounter because of his reduced vision.

Answer 1

1) Diabetes mellitus is an abnormal blood glucose or blood sugar level in the body results in various complications and even death.

Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a body unable to produce the insulin due to the lack of beta cells in pancreas.

The pathophysiology behind the condition type 1 diabetes is that the type 1 diabetes is caused by the genetic and also by the environmental factors like toxins or any viral infections which may provoke the autoimmunity. This autoimmunity develops a antibodies like insulin autoantibody against the beta cells in the pancreas. This destroy the beta cells in the pancreas. Beta cells produce the insulin which maintains the blood sugar level in the body so when the beta cells are destroyed there is a lack of insulin which results in abnormal blood sugar level in the body.