Question

1. Describe the anatomical position in detail, including positions of hands/feet.

2. Describe the coronal, transverse, axial, sagittal, lateral, midline, and midsagittal planes.

3. What is the difference between ligaments and tendons?

4. List the components of the axial skeleton and name each bone.

5. List the components of the appendicular skeleton and name each bone.

6. What are the five sections of the spinal column, from superior to inferior, and list how many vertebrae are in each section.

7. What are the first two cervical vertebrae called and why are they important?

8. What’s are the differences between the thorax, sternum, and manubrium? What does the xiphoid process articulate with?

9. Describe the different types of joints, and give an example of each.

Answer 1

Ans-1. Anatomical position-

Anatomical position gives the description of body of any region of body in a stance. Thus it helps to describe the parts of the human body wherever they go or they are in whatever position. In the anatomical position, body is upright which directly faces the observer, both the arms are the sides of the body with the palms facing in front of observer. The legs are straight and the feet flat and slightly apart from one another and directed slightly outwards.

Ans-2. (i). Coronal plane- It is also called as frontal plane. The coronal plane is a vertical plane which divides the human body into ventral and dorsal sections.

(ii). Transverse plane- It is perpendicular to coronal plane and saggital plane and divides the body into superior and inferior sections. Twisting or rotational movements occur in this plane.

(iii). Axial plane- It is the other name of transverse plane and is an imaginary plane which divides the body into superior and inferior parts.

(iv). Saggital plane- A saggital plane is the plane which divides the human body into left and right sections. It can be through the centre of body or away from the centre. It is also called longitudinal plane.

(v). Lateral plane- It is the other name of saggital plane and divides the body into left and right parts.

(vi). Midline- The midline is the imaginary line through the centre of the body that divides the body into left and right.

(vi). Midsagittal plane- It is the saggital plane which runs from the centre of the body thus dividing the body into equal left and right parts.

Ans-3. Following are the differences between tendons and ligaments-

(i). Tendons are fibrous connective tissue which connect skeletal muscles to bones while ligaments are structure which connects bone to bone.

(ii). Tendons are strong and non flexible while ligaments are flexible and elastic.

(iii). Each muscle contains only one tendon while each joint contains many ligaments.

(iv). Proteoglycan content is less in tendon while it is more in ligament.

(v). Blood supply is good and fibroblasts lie in continuous row in tendons while blood supply is poor and fibroblasts are scattered in ligaments.

Ans-4. Axial skeleton is part of skeleton which contains bones of head and trunk of the body. It consists of total of 80 bones which includes the bones of skull, ossicles of middle ear, hyoid bone, rib cage, sternum and vertebral column. It consists of following bones-

1. Skull consists of total 22 bones which consists of 8 cranial bones and 14 facial bones. The cranial bones are frontal bone, occipital bone, two parietal bones, two temporal bones, sphenoid and ethmoid. The 14 facial bones are two nasal, two lacrimal, two palatine, two zygomatic, one vomer, one mandible, two maxilla, two inferior nasal concha and two lacrimal.

2. One hyoid bone which is the attachment point of tongue.

3. Six ear ossicles, three in each ear which are malleus, incus and stapes.

4. Rib cage which consists of 12 pairs of ribs which are divided into true pairs and false pairs.

5. One sternum at the centre of the body.

6. Vertebral column which consists of total 33 bones which are 7 cervical bones, 12 thoracic , 5 lumbar, 5 sacral (fused) and 4 coccygeal (fused) vertebrae. So counting sacral and coccygeal bones as one individually there are total 26 vertebrae.